Well-defined sub-nanometer graphene ribbons synthesized inside carbon nanotubes

Graphene nanoribbons with sub-nanometer widths are extremely interesting for nanoscale electronics and devices as they combine the unusual transport properties of graphene with the opening of a band gap due to quantum confinement in the lateral dimension. Strong research efforts are presently paid to grow such nanoribbons. Here we show the synthesis of 6- and 7-armchair graphene nanoribbons, with widths of 0.61 and 0.74 nm, and excitonic gaps of 1.83 and 2.18 eV, by high-temperature vacuum annealing of ferrocene molecules inside single-walled carbon nanotubes. The growth of the so-obtained graphene nanoribbons is evidenced from atomic resolution electron microscopy, while their well-defined structure is identified by a combination of an extensive wavelength-dependent Raman scattering characterization and quantum-chemical calculations. These findings enable a facile and scalable approach leading to the controlled growth and detailed analysis of well-defined sub-nanometer graphene nanoribbons.