Effects of licorice on sex hormones and the reproductive system

Background: The potential clinical effects of licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.) and its extracts have been investigated since ancient times. It is uncertain if pseudohyperaldosteronism, with consequent arterial hypertension, is the only endocrine effect produced by licorice, and a role in the reproductive system has been proposed. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the pharmacological effects of licorice on the male and female reproductive systems. Method: Overall, 1462 records were extracted from electronic databases and systematically examined. 28 studies were included in the final analysis. Results: Preclinical and clinical studies revealed an estrogen-like activity of licorice components, especially flavonoids, isoflavonoids and chalcones, showing a potential role of licorice in ameliorating symptoms associated with estrogen insufficiency. Preclinical studies also displayed weak antiandrogen properties and beneficial effects of licorice on gonadal function in both sexes, while clinical studies yield to poor and conflicting results, depending on the type and dose of licorice. Conclusions: Licorice consumption can affect the reproductive system. However, its role needs to be further explored, especially due to the great variability of bioactive compounds used in existing studies.