Dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk factors among Brazilians: a population based study in Vi??osa, Minas Gerais

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify dietary patterns (DPs) and analyze their association with cardiovascular risk factors including metabolic biomarkers and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in a cross-sectional population-based study with 959 Brazilian adults from Vicosa. ¸ Methods: Food consumption was assessed by food frequency questionnaire, and DPs were identified by principal component analysis. A self-administered questionnaire was applied to assess sociodemographic and behavioral variables. Results: Four distinct DPs were identified: Western, Snacks and Processed Food, Healthy, and Traditional Brazilian. Comparing the highest to the lowest tertile of each DP: Snacks and Processed Food DP was associated with a significantly higher diastolic blood pressure (b = 2.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.485.14), waist circumference (b = 4.75; 95% CI, 2.776.73), body mass index (b = 1.65; 95% CI, 0.632.67), neck circumference (b = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.151.34), uric acid (b = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.130.51), and C-reactive protein (b = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.070.55). The Healthy DP was associated with lower Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR; b = 0.17; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.008), lower tumor necrosis factor-a (odds ratio [OR] = 0.46; 95% CI, 0.26-0.84), lower interleukin (IL)-8 (OR = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.28-0.91), and lower catalase (OR = 0.36; 95% CI, 0.16 0.78). The Traditional Brazilian DP was associated with lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (b = -5.04; 95% CI, -7.60 to- 2.48), non-HDL cholesterol (b: 10.25; 95% CI, 19.07 to -1.43), and superoxide dismutase (OR = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.32-0.87), and higher uric acid (b = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.01-0.48), IL-12p70 (OR = 2.55; 95% CI, 1.23-5.32), IL-1b (OR = 2.22; 95% CI, 1.01-4.89), IL-10 (OR = 2.03; 95% CI, 1.05-3.93), and ferric reducing ability of plasma (OR = 2.23; 95% CI, 1.16-4.27). Conclusions: The Snacks and Processed Food DP was associated with increases in several risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and the Healthy DP with lower HOMA-IR scores, tumor necrosis factor-a, IL-8, and catalase. A diet based on rice and beans (Traditional Brazilian) may have a protective role against non-HDL cholesterol while presenting other risks related to inflammation and oxidative stress, as shown by a direct association with the interleukins IL-12p70, IL-1b, and IL-10 and an inverse association with superoxide dismutase