Emerging therapies for advanced cholangiocarcinoma. An updated literature review

Cholangiocarcinoma is a group of malignancies with poor prognosis. Treatments for the management of advanced-stage cholangiocarcinoma are limited, and the 5-year survival rate is estimated to be approximately 5–15%, considering all tumor stages. There is a significant unmet need for effective new treatment approaches. The present review is provided with the aim of summarizing the current evidence and future perspectives concerning new therapeutic strategies for cholangiocarcinoma. The role of targeted therapies and immunotherapies is currently investigational in cholangiocarcinoma. These therapeutic options might improve survival outcomes, as shown by the promising results of several clinical trials illustrated in the present review. The co-presence of driver mutations and markers of susceptibility to immunotherapy may lead to rational combination strategies and clinical trial development. A better understanding of immunologically based therapeutic weapons is needed, which will lead to a form of a precision medicine strategy capable of alleviating the clinical aggressiveness and to improve the prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma.