Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2050

Micah, Angela E; Cogswell, Ian E; Cunningham, Brandon; Ezoe, Satoshi; Harle, Anton C; Maddison, Emilie R; Mccracken, Darrah; Nomura, Shuhei; Simpson, Kyle E; Stutzman, Hayley N; Tsakalos, Golsum; Wallace, Lindsey E; Zhao, Yingxi; Zende, Rahul R; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abdelmasseh, Michael; Abedi, Aidin; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein; Abhilash, E S; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abrigo, Michael R M; Adhikari, Tara Ballav; Afzal, Saira; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Ahmadi, Sepideh; Ahmed, Haroon; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Ahmed Rashid, Tarik; Ajami, Marjan; Aji, Budi; Akalu, Yonas; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Al Hamad, Hanadi; Alam, Khurshid; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi, Turki M; Alemayehu, Yosef; Alhassan, Robert Kaba; Alinia, Cyrus; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Almustanyir, Sami Almustanyir; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J; Amini, Saeed; Amini-Rarani, Mostafa; Amu, Hubert; Ancuceanu, Robert; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Andrei, Tudorel; Angell, Blake; Anjomshoa, Mina; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T; Antony, Catherine M; Aqeel, Muhammad; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab-Zozani, Morteza; Aripov, Timur; Arrigo, Alessandro; Ashraf, Tahira; Atnafu, Desta Debalkie; Ausloos, Marcel; Avila-Burgos, Leticia; Awan, Asma Tahir; Ayano, Getinet; Ayanore, Martin Amogre; Azari, Samad; Azhar, Gulrez Shah; Babalola, Tesleem Kayode; Bahrami, Mohammad Amin; Baig, Atif Amin; Banach, Maciej; Barati, Nastaran; Bärnighausen, Till Winfried; Barrow, Amadou; Basu, Sanjay; Baune, Bernhard T; Bayati, Mohsen; Benzian, Habib; Berman, Adam E; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhaskar, Sonu; Bibi, Sadia; Bijani, Ali; Bodolica, Virginia; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi; Braithwaite, Dejana; Breitborde, Nicholas J K; Breusov, Alexey V; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Busse, Reinhard; Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero; Callander, Emily Joy; Cámera, Luis Alberto; Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A; Catalá-López, Ferrán; Charan, Jaykaran; Chatterjee, Souranshu; Chattu, Soosanna Kumary; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chen, Simiao; Cicero, Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe; Dadras, Omid; Dahlawi, Saad M A; Dai, Xiaochen; Dalal, Koustuv; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil; De Neve, Jan-Walter; de Sá-Junior, Antonio Reis; Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar; Dhamnetiya, Deepak; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Doshmangir, Leila; Dube, John; Ehsani-Chimeh, Elham; El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa; El Tantawi, Maha; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Farzadfar, Farshad; Ferede, Tomas Y; Fischer, Florian; Foigt, Nataliya A; Freitas, Alberto; Friedman, Sara D; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Fullman, Nancy; Gaal, Peter Andras; Gad, Mohamed M; Garcia-Gordillo, Ma; Garg, Tushar; Ghafourifard, Mansour; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Gholamian, Asadollah; Gholamrezanezhad, Ali; Ghozali, Ghozali; Gilani, Syed Amir; Glăvan, Ionela-Roxana; Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna; Goharinezhad, Salime; Golechha, Mahaveer; Goli, Srinivas; Guha, Avirup; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Haakenstad, Annie; Haider, Mohammad Rifat; Hailu, Alemayehu; Hamidi, Samer; Hanif, Asif; Harapan, Harapan; Hartono, Risky Kusuma; Hasaballah, Ahmed I; Hassan, Shoaib; Hassanein, Mohamed H; Hayat, Khezar; Hegazy, Mohamed I; Heidari, Golnaz; Hendrie, Delia; Heredia-Pi, Ileana; Herteliu, Claudiu; Hezam, Kamal; Holla, Ramesh; Hossain, Sheikh Jamal; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Sorin; Huda, Tanvir M; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Iavicoli, Ivo; Idrisov, Bulat; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Isola, Gaetano; Jahani, Mohammad Ali; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar; Javaheri, Tahereh; Jayapal, Sathish Kumar; Jayawardena, Ranil; Jazayeri, Seyed Behzad; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jonas, Jost B; Joo, Tamas; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jürisson, Mikk; Kaambwa, Billingsley; Kalhor, Rohollah; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kandel, Himal; Karami Matin, Behzad; Karimi, Salah Eddin; Kassahun, Getinet; Kayode, Gbenga A; Kazemi Karyani, Ali; Keikavoosi-Arani, Leila; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khajuria, Himanshu; Khalilov, Rovshan; Khammarnia, Mohammad; Khan, Junaid; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kianipour, Neda; Kim, Gyu Ri; Kim, Yun Jin; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kohler, Stefan; Kosen, Soewarta; Koteeswaran, Rajasekaran; Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishan, Kewal; Kumar, G Anil; Kusuma, Dian; Lamnisos, Demetris; Lansingh, Van Charles; Larsson, Anders O; Lasrado, Savita; Long Khanh Dao, Le; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Lee, Yeong Yeh; Lim, Stephen S; Lobo, Stany W; Lozano, Rafael; Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan; Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed; Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi; Majeed, Azeem; Makki, Alaa; Maleki, Afshin; Malekzadeh, Reza; Manda, Ana Laura; Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Marrugo Arnedo, Carlos Alberto; Martinez-Valle, Adolfo; Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra; Maude, Richard James; Mckee, Martin; Medina-Solís, Carlo Eduardo; Menezes, Ritesh G; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Milevska Kostova, Neda; Miller, Ted R; Mini, Gk; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohamed, Teroj Abdulrahman; Mohammadi, Mokhtar; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammed, Shafiu; Moitra, Modhurima; Mokdad, Ali H; Molokhia, Mariam; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Moradi, Yousef; Morze, Jakub; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Mpundu-Kaambwa, Christine; Muriithi, Moses K; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Nangia, Vinay; Naqvi, Atta Abbas; Narayana, Aparna Ichalangod; Nascimento, Bruno Ramos; Naveed, Muhammad; Nayak, Biswa Prakash; Nazari, Javad; Ndejjo, Rawlance; Negoi, Ionut; Neupane Kandel, Sandhya; Nguyen, Trang Huyen; Nonvignon, Justice; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka; Oancea, Bogdan; Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola Ogunyemi; Olagunju, Andrew T; Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun; Olgiati, Stefano; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Onwujekwe, Obinna E; Otoiu, Adrian; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S; Owolabi, Mayowa O; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Palladino, Raffaele; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Park, Eun-Cheol; Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh; Pawar, Shrikant; Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza; Pereira, David M; Perianayagam, Arokiasamy; Pesudovs, Konrad; Piccinelli, Cristiano; Postma, Maarten J; Prada, Sergio I; Rabiee, Mohammad; Rabiee, Navid; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Mosiur; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Ram, Usha; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Ranasinghe, Priyanga; Rao, Chythra R; Rathi, Priya; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Rawal, Lal; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Reiner Jr, Robert C; Renzaho, Andre M N; Reshmi, Bhageerathy; Riaz, Mavra A; Ripon, Rezaul Karim; Saad, Anas M; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Sahu, Maitreyi; Salama, Joseph S; Salehi, Sana; Samy, Abdallah M; Sanabria, Juan; Sanmarchi, Francesco; Santos, João Vasco; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M; Sathian, Brijesh; Savic, Miloje; Saxena, Deepak; Sayyah, Mehdi; Schwendicke, Falk; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sepanlou, Sadaf G; Seylani, Allen; Shahabi, Saeed; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Sheikh, Aziz; Shetty, Adithi; Shetty, Pavanchand H; Shibuya, Kenji; Shrime, Mark G; Shuja, Kanwar Hamza; Singh, Jasvinder A; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna; Soltani, Shahin; Soofi, Moslem; Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth; Stefan, Simona Cătălina; Szerencsés, Viktória; Szócska, Miklós; Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael; Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu; Tefera, Yonas Getaye; Thavamani, Aravind; Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan; Topor-Madry, Roman; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Tran, Bach Xuan; Tudor Car, Lorainne; Ullah, Anayat; Ullah, Saif; Umar, Nasir; Undurraga, Eduardo A; Valdez, Pascual R; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Villafañe, Jorge Hugo; Violante, Francesco S; Vlassov, Vasily; Bay, Vo; Vollmer, Sebastian; Vos, Theo; Giang Thu, Vu; Linh Gia, Vu; Wamai, Richard G; Werdecker, Andrea; Woldekidan, Mesfin Agachew; Wubishet, Befikadu Legesse; Gelin, Xu; Yaya, Sanni; Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid; Yiğit, Vahit; Yip, Paul; Yirdaw, Birhanu Wubale; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Younis, Mustafa Z; Chuanhua, Yu; Yunusa, Ismaeel; Zahirian Moghadam, Telma; Zandian, Hamed; Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich; Zastrozhina, Anasthasia; Zhang, Zhi-Jiang; Ziapour, Arash; Zuniga, Yves Miel H; Hay, Simon I; Murray, Christopher J L; Dieleman, Joseph L

doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01258-7

The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020.

Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2050 / Micah, Angela E; Cogswell, Ian E; Cunningham, Brandon; Ezoe, Satoshi; Harle, Anton C; Maddison, Emilie R; McCracken, Darrah; Nomura, Shuhei; Simpson, Kyle E; Stutzman, Hayley N; Tsakalos, Golsum; Wallace, Lindsey E; Zhao, Yingxi; Zende, Rahul R; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abdelmasseh, Michael; Abedi, Aidin; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein; Abhilash, E S; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abrigo, Michael R M; Adhikari, Tara Ballav; Afzal, Saira; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Ahmadi, Sepideh; Ahmed, Haroon; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Ahmed Rashid, Tarik; Ajami, Marjan; Aji, Budi; Akalu, Yonas; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Al Hamad, Hanadi; Alam, Khurshid; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi, Turki M; Alemayehu, Yosef; Alhassan, Robert Kaba; Alinia, Cyrus; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Almustanyir, Sami Almustanyir; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J; Amini, Saeed; Amini-Rarani, Mostafa; Amu, Hubert; Ancuceanu, Robert; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Andrei, Tudorel; Angell, Blake; Anjomshoa, Mina; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T; Antony, Catherine M; Aqeel, Muhammad; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab-Zozani, Morteza; Aripov, Timur; Arrigo, Alessandro; Ashraf, Tahira; Atnafu, Desta Debalkie; Ausloos, Marcel; Avila-Burgos, Leticia; Awan, Asma Tahir; Ayano, Getinet; Ayanore, Martin Amogre; Azari, Samad; Azhar, Gulrez Shah; Babalola, Tesleem Kayode; Bahrami, Mohammad Amin; Baig, Atif Amin; Banach, Maciej; Barati, Nastaran; Bärnighausen, Till Winfried; Barrow, Amadou; Basu, Sanjay; Baune, Bernhard T; Bayati, Mohsen; Benzian, Habib; Berman, Adam E; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhaskar, Sonu; Bibi, Sadia; Bijani, Ali; Bodolica, Virginia; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi; Braithwaite, Dejana; Breitborde, Nicholas J K; Breusov, Alexey V; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Busse, Reinhard; Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero; Callander, Emily Joy; Cámera, Luis Alberto; Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A; Catalá-López, Ferrán; Charan, Jaykaran; Chatterjee, Souranshu; Chattu, Soosanna Kumary; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chen, Simiao; Cicero, Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe; Dadras, Omid; Dahlawi, Saad M A; Dai, Xiaochen; Dalal, Koustuv; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil; De Neve, Jan-Walter; de Sá-Junior, Antonio Reis; Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar; Dhamnetiya, Deepak; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Doshmangir, Leila; Dube, John; Ehsani-Chimeh, Elham; El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa; El Tantawi, Maha; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Farzadfar, Farshad; Ferede, Tomas Y; Fischer, Florian; Foigt, Nataliya A; Freitas, Alberto; Friedman, Sara D; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Fullman, Nancy; Gaal, Peter Andras; Gad, Mohamed M; Garcia-Gordillo, Ma; Garg, Tushar; Ghafourifard, Mansour; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Gholamian, Asadollah; Gholamrezanezhad, Ali; Ghozali, Ghozali; Gilani, Syed Amir; Glăvan, Ionela-Roxana; Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna; Goharinezhad, Salime; Golechha, Mahaveer; Goli, Srinivas; Guha, Avirup; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Haakenstad, Annie; Haider, Mohammad Rifat; Hailu, Alemayehu; Hamidi, Samer; Hanif, Asif; Harapan, Harapan; Hartono, Risky Kusuma; Hasaballah, Ahmed I; Hassan, Shoaib; Hassanein, Mohamed H; Hayat, Khezar; Hegazy, Mohamed I; Heidari, Golnaz; Hendrie, Delia; Heredia-Pi, Ileana; Herteliu, Claudiu; Hezam, Kamal; Holla, Ramesh; Hossain, Sheikh Jamal; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Sorin; Huda, Tanvir M; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Iavicoli, Ivo; Idrisov, Bulat; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Isola, Gaetano; Jahani, Mohammad Ali; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar; Javaheri, Tahereh; Jayapal, Sathish Kumar; Jayawardena, Ranil; Jazayeri, Seyed Behzad; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jonas, Jost B; Joo, Tamas; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jürisson, Mikk; Kaambwa, Billingsley; Kalhor, Rohollah; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kandel, Himal; Karami Matin, Behzad; Karimi, Salah Eddin; Kassahun, Getinet; Kayode, Gbenga A; Kazemi Karyani, Ali; Keikavoosi-Arani, Leila; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khajuria, Himanshu; Khalilov, Rovshan; Khammarnia, Mohammad; Khan, Junaid; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kianipour, Neda; Kim, Gyu Ri; Kim, Yun Jin; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kohler, Stefan; Kosen, Soewarta; Koteeswaran, Rajasekaran; Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishan, Kewal; Kumar, G Anil; Kusuma, Dian; Lamnisos, Demetris; Lansingh, Van Charles; Larsson, Anders O; Lasrado, Savita; Le, Long Khanh Dao; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Lee, Yeong Yeh; Lim, Stephen S; Lobo, Stany W; Lozano, Rafael; Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan; Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed; Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi; Majeed, Azeem; Makki, Alaa; Maleki, Afshin; Malekzadeh, Reza; Manda, Ana Laura; Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Marrugo Arnedo, Carlos Alberto; Martinez-Valle, Adolfo; Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra; Maude, Richard James; McKee, Martin; Medina-Solís, Carlo Eduardo; Menezes, Ritesh G; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Milevska Kostova, Neda; Miller, Ted R; Mini, Gk; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohamed, Teroj Abdulrahman; Mohammadi, Mokhtar; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammed, Shafiu; Moitra, Modhurima; Mokdad, Ali H; Molokhia, Mariam; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Moradi, Yousef; Morze, Jakub; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Mpundu-Kaambwa, Christine; Muriithi, Moses K; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Nangia, Vinay; Naqvi, Atta Abbas; Narayana, Aparna Ichalangod; Nascimento, Bruno Ramos; Naveed, Muhammad; Nayak, Biswa Prakash; Nazari, Javad; Ndejjo, Rawlance; Negoi, Ionut; Neupane Kandel, Sandhya; Nguyen, Trang Huyen; Nonvignon, Justice; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka; Oancea, Bogdan; Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola Ogunyemi; Olagunju, Andrew T; Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun; Olgiati, Stefano; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Onwujekwe, Obinna E; Otoiu, Adrian; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S; Owolabi, Mayowa O; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Palladino, Raffaele; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Park, Eun-Cheol; Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh; Pawar, Shrikant; Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza; Pereira, David M; Perianayagam, Arokiasamy; Pesudovs, Konrad; Piccinelli, Cristiano; Postma, Maarten J; Prada, Sergio I; Rabiee, Mohammad; Rabiee, Navid; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Mosiur; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Ram, Usha; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Ranasinghe, Priyanga; Rao, Chythra R; Rathi, Priya; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Rawal, Lal; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Reiner Jr, Robert C; Renzaho, Andre M N; Reshmi, Bhageerathy; Riaz, Mavra A; Ripon, Rezaul Karim; Saad, Anas M; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Sahu, Maitreyi; Salama, Joseph S; Salehi, Sana; Samy, Abdallah M; Sanabria, Juan; Sanmarchi, Francesco; Santos, João Vasco; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M; Sathian, Brijesh; Savic, Miloje; Saxena, Deepak; Sayyah, Mehdi; Schwendicke, Falk; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sepanlou, Sadaf G; Seylani, Allen; Shahabi, Saeed; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Sheikh, Aziz; Shetty, Adithi; Shetty, Pavanchand H; Shibuya, Kenji; Shrime, Mark G; Shuja, Kanwar Hamza; Singh, Jasvinder A; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna; Soltani, Shahin; Soofi, Moslem; Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth; Stefan, Simona Cătălina; Szerencsés, Viktória; Szócska, Miklós; Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael; Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu; Tefera, Yonas Getaye; Thavamani, Aravind; Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan; Topor-Madry, Roman; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Tran, Bach Xuan; Tudor Car, Lorainne; Ullah, Anayat; Ullah, Saif; Umar, Nasir; Undurraga, Eduardo A; Valdez, Pascual R; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Villafañe, Jorge Hugo; Violante, Francesco S; Vlassov, Vasily; Vo, Bay; Vollmer, Sebastian; Vos, Theo; Vu, Giang Thu; Vu, Linh Gia; Wamai, Richard G; Werdecker, Andrea; Woldekidan, Mesfin Agachew; Wubishet, Befikadu Legesse; Xu, Gelin; Yaya, Sanni; Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid; Yiğit, Vahit; Yip, Paul; Yirdaw, Birhanu Wubale; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Younis, Mustafa Z; Yu, Chuanhua; Yunusa, Ismaeel; Zahirian Moghadam, Telma; Zandian, Hamed; Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich; Zastrozhina, Anasthasia; Zhang, Zhi-Jiang; Ziapour, Arash; Zuniga, Yves Miel H; Hay, Simon I; Murray, Christopher J L; Dieleman, Joseph L. - In: THE LANCET. - ISSN 0140-6736. - (2021). [10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01258-7]