Different approaches to obtain functionalized alumina as additive in polymer electrolyte membranes

A series of sulfated aluminum oxides (S-Al2O3), investigated as an electrolyte additive in Nafon membranes, was synthesized via three diferent methods: (i) sol–gel sulfation starting from an aluminum alkoxide precursor, (ii) room temperature sulfation of fumed aluminum oxide, and (iii) hydrothermal sulfation of fumed aluminum oxide. Through the characterization of the synthesized S-Al2O3 by means of X-ray difraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, a higher sulfation rate was found to be achieved via a hydrothermal sulfation, and the coordination state of sulfate groups was identifed as monodentate. By using this hydrothermally synthesized S-l2O3 as additive, a composite Nafon-based membrane was realized and compared to plain Nafon, by means of thermal analyses and fuel cell tests. Although higher hydration degree was found for the undoped membrane by diferential scanning calorimetry (DSC), improved retention of fuel cell performance upon the increase of operation temperature was observed by using the composite electrolyte, confrming the stabilizing efect of the acidic inorganic additive.