Objective: To compare the disease course in patients with mild Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) who were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) or supportive care only. Methods: We selected patients from the prospective observational International GBS Outcome Study (IGOS) who were able to walk independently at study entry (mild GBS), treated with one IVIg course or supportive care. The primary endpoint was the GBS disability score four weeks after study entry, assessed by multivariable ordinal regression analysis. Results: Of 188 eligible patients, 148 (79%) were treated with IVIg and 40 (21%) with supportive care. The IVIg group was more disabled at baseline. IVIg treatment was not associated with lower GBS disability scores at 4 weeks (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.62, 95% CI 0.63 to 4.13). Nearly all secondary endpoints showed no benefit from IVIg, although the time to regain full muscle strength was shorter (28 vs 56 days, p=0.03) and reported pain at 26 weeks was lower (n=26/121, 22% vs n=12/30, 40%, p=0.04) in the IVIg treated patients. In the subanalysis with persistent mild GBS in the first 2 weeks, the aOR for a lower GBS disability score at 4 weeks was 2.32 (95% CI 0.76 to 7.13). At 1 year, 40% of all patients had residual symptoms. Conclusion: In patients with mild GBS, one course of IVIg did not improve the overall disease course. The certainty of this conclusion is limited by confounding factors, selection bias and wide confidence limits. Residual symptoms were often present after one year, indicating the need for better treatments in mild GBS.

Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for mild Guillain-Barré syndrome. An international observational study / C., Verboon; T., Harbo; D. R., Cornblath; R. A. C., Hughes; P. A., Van Doorn; M. P., Lunn; K. C., Gorson; F., Barroso; S., Kuwabara; G., Galassi; H. C., Lehmann; S., Kusunoki; R. C., Reisin; D., Binda; G., Cavaletti; Andersen, Jacobs B. C. H.; Md, ; (Aarhus University Hospital, Phd; Denmark), Aarhus; Attarian, S.; Md, ; (CHU Timone, Phd; France), Marseille; Badrising, U. A.; Md, ; (Leiden University Medical Centre, Phd; Leiden, ; Netherlands), The; Bateman, K.; Md, ; (Groote Schuur Hospital, Phd; Town, Cape; South-Africa), ; Benedetti, L.; Md, ; (Ospedale Sant’ Andrea La Spezia, Phd; Spezia, La; Italy), ; van den Berg, B.; (Franciscus Gasthuis, Md; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Van den Bergh, P.; Md, ; Luc, PhD (University Clinic St.; Belgium), Leuven; Bertorini, T. E.; (The University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Md; USA), Memphis; Bhavaraju-Sanka, R.; (University Hospital/ University of Texas Health Science Center, Md; Antonio Texas, San; USA), ; Bianco (Milan University, M.; Clinicala and Research Institute Milan, Humanitas; Italy), ; Briani, C.; (University of Padova, Md; Italy), Padova; Bürmann, J.; (Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Md; Germany), Homburg; Casasnovas, C.; Md, ; Ciberer, PhD (Bellvitge University Hospital - IDIBELL Neurometabolic Diseases Group.; Spain), Barcelona; Chao, C. C.; Md, ; (National Taiwan University Hospital, Phd; Taiwan), Taipei; Chavada, G.; Md, ; (Glasgow University, Phd; UK), Glasgow; Claeys, K. G.; Md, ; University Hospitals Leuven, PhD (1.; Belgium, Leuven; KU Leuven, 2.; Belgium), Leuven; Cosgrove, J. S.; (Leeds General Infirmary, Md; UK), Leeds; Dalakas, M. C.; Thomas Jefferson University, MD (1.; Usa, Philadelphia; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2.; Greece), Athens; Davidson, A.; (University of Glasgow, Md; UK), Glasgow; van Dijk, G. W.; (Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Md; Nijmegen, ; Netherlands), The; Dardiotis, E.; (University of Thessaly, Md; of Larissa, Hospital; Greece), Larissa; Derejko, M.; (Odense University Hospital, Md; Denmark), Odense; Dimachkie, M. M.; (University of Kansas Medical Center, Md; City, Kansas; USA), ; Dornonville de la Cour, C.; (National Hospital Copenhagen, Md; Denmark), Copenhagen; Echaniz-Laguna, A.; (Bicêtre University Hospital, Md; France), Paris; Eftimov, F.; Md, ; (Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Phd; Amsterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Faber, C. G.; Md, ; (Maastricht University Medical Centre, Phd; Maastricht, ; Netherlands), The; Fazio, R.; (Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Md; Italy), Milan; Fulgenzi, J. Fehmi (University of Oxford E. A.; (Hospital Cesar Milstein Buenos Aires, Md; Aires, Buenos; Argentina), ; García-Sobrino, T.; (Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Md; de Compostela (A Coruña), Santiago; Spain), ; Gijsbers, C. J.; (Vlietland Hospital, Md; Schiedam, ; Netherlands), The; Granit, V.; (Montefiore Medical, Md; Center, ; York, New; USA), ; Grisanti, S.; (Ospedale Sant’ Andrea La Spezia, Md; Spezia, La; Italy), ; Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, G.; (Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofia, Md; Sebastian, San; Spain), ; Holbech, J. V.; Md, ; (Odense University Hospital, Phd; Denmark), Odense; Holt, J. K. L.; Phd, ; (The Walton Centre, Frcp; UK), Liverpool; Homedes, C.; Ciberer, MD (Bellvitge University Hospital - IDIBELL Neurometabolic Diseases Group.; Spain), Barcelona; Islam, B.; Md, ; (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Phd; (icddr, Bangladesh; Dhaka, b); Bangladesh), ; Islam, Z.; Md, ; (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Phd; (icddr, Bangladesh; Dhaka, b); Bangladesh), ; Jahan, I.; candidate (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Phd; (icddr, Bangladesh; Dhaka, b); Bangladesh), ; Jericó Pascual, I.; Md, ; (Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Phd; Spain), Pamplona; Karafiath, S.; (University of Utah School of Medicine, Md; Lake City, Salt; USA), ; Kerkhoff, H.; Md, ; (Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Phd; Dordrecht, ; Netherlands), The; Kimpinski, K.; (University Hospital, Md; London-Ontario, Lhsc; Canada), ; Kohler, A.; (Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Md; Fleni, ; Aires, Buenos; Argentina), ; Kolb, N.; (University of Vermont, Md; Vt, Burlington; USA), ; Kuitwaard, K.; Md, ; Albert Schweitzer Hospital, PhD (1.; Dordrecht, ; Erasmus MC, 2.; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Kuwahara, M.; Md, ; (Kindai University, Phd; Japan), Osaka; Ladha, S. S.; (Barrow Neurology Clinics, Md; Arizona, Phoenix; USA), ; Lee Pan, E.; (Groote Schuur Hospital, Mbchb; Town, Cape; South-Africa), ; Marfia, G. A.; (Neurological Clinic, Md; Tor Vergata, Policlinico; Italy), Rome; Magot, A.; (Reference Centre for NMD, Md; University Hospital, Nantes; France), ; Márquez Infante, C.; (Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Md; Spain), Seville; Martín-Aguilar, L.; i Sant Pau, MD (Hospital de la Santa Creu; Autònoma de Barcelona, Universitat; Spain), Barcelona; Martinez Hernandez, E.; i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), MD (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi; Clinic, Hospital; Spain), Barcelona; Mataluni, G.; Md, ; (Neurological Clinic, Phd; Tor Vergata, Policlinico; Italy), Rome; Meekins, G.; (University of Minnesota, Md; USA), ; Miller, J. A. L.; Md, ; (Royal Victoria Infirmary, Phd; UK), Newcastle; Monges, M. S.; Garrahan, MD (Hospital de Pediatría J. P.; Aires, Buenos; Argentina), ; Nobile Orazio, E.; Md, ; (Milan University, Phd; Clinicala and Research Institute Milan, Humanitas; Italy), ; Pardal, A.; (Hospital Britanico, Md; Aires, Buenos; Argentina), ; Pardo Fernandez (Hospital Clínico de Santiago, J.; de Compostela (A Coruña), Santiago; Spain), ; Péréon, Y.; Md, ; (Reference Centre for NMD, Phd; University Hospital, Nantes; France), ; Pulley, M.; (University of Florida, Md; USA), Jacksonville; Querol Gutierrez, L.; Md, ; i Sant Pau, PhD (Hospital de la Santa Creu; Autònoma de Barcelona, Universitat; Spain), Barcelona; Reddel, S. W.; Md, ; (Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Phd; Australia), Sydney; van der Ree, T.; (Westfriesgasthuis, Md; Hoorn, ; Netherlands), The; Rinaldi, S.; Mbchb, ; Samijn, PhD (University of Oxford J. P. A.; (Maasstad Hospital, Md; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Samukawa, M.; Md, ; (Kindai University, Phd; Japan), Osaka; Santoro, L.; Md, ; (University Federico II, Phd; Italy), Napels; Savransky, A.; Md, ; Garrahan, PhD (Hospital de Pediatría J. P.; Aires, Buenos; Argentina), ; Schwindling, L.; (Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Md; Germany), Homburg; Sedano Tous, M. J.; (Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Md; Cantabria, Santander; Spain), ; Sekiguchi, Y.; Md, ; (Chiba University, Phd; Japan), Chiba; Shahrizaila, N.; (Neurology Unit, Md; of Medicine, Department; of Medicine, Faculty; of Malaya, University; Malaya), ; Silvestri, N. J.; Sindrup, MD (Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine S.; Md, ; (Odense University Hospital, Phd; Denmark), Odense; Sommer, C. L.; (Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Md; Germany), Würzburg; Spyropoulos (Royal Victoria Infirmary, A.; UK), Newcastle; Stein, B.; Joseph’s Regional Medical Center, MD (St.; USA), Paterson; Tan, C. Y.; (Neurology Unit, Mrcp; of Medicine, Department; of Medicine, Faculty; of Malaya, University; Malaya), ; Tankisi, H.; Md, ; (Aarhus University Hospital, Phd; Denmark), Aarhus; Vermeij, F.; (Franciscus Gasthuis, Md; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Vytopil, M. V.; Md, ; Wirtz, PhD (Tufts University School of Medicine Lahey Hospital P. W.; Md, ; (HagaZiekenhuis, Phd; Hague, The; Netherlands), The; Waheed, W.; (University of Vermont Medical Center, Md; Burlington, ; Addington, USA). Other collaborators were:J. M.; (University of Virginia, Md; USA), Charlottesville; Ajroud-Driss, S.; (Northwestern University Feinberg, Md; USA), Chicago; Antonini, G.; (Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Md; University, Sapienza; Hospital, Sant’Andrea; Italy), Rome; Bella, I. R.; (University of Mass Medical School, Md; USA), Worcester; Brannagan, T. H.; (Columbia University, Md; York City, New; USA), ; Bunschoten, C.; Md, ; candidate (Erasmus University Medical Centre, Phd; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Busby, M.; (Leeds General Infirmary, Md; UK), Bradford; Butterworth, S.; (Pinderfields Hospital, Md; UK), Wakefield; Conti, M. E.; (University Hospital Clinicas, Md; Aires, Buenos; Argentina), ; Chen, S.; Md, ; (Rutgers, Phd; Wood Johnson University Hospital, Robert; Brunswick, New; USA), ; Doets, A.; Md, ; candidate (Erasmus University Medical Centre, Phd; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Feasby, T. E.; (University of Calgary, Md; Canada), Calgary; Fokke, C.; (Gelre Hospital, Md; and Apeldoorn, Zutphen; Netherlands), The; Fujioka, T.; (Toho University Medical Center, Md; Japan), Tokyo; Garssen, M. P. J.; Md, ; (Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Phd; Hertogenbosch, ’S; Netherlands), The; Gilchrist, J. M.; (Soulthern Illinois University School of Medicine, Md; USA), Springfield; Gilhuis, J.; Md, ; (Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Phd; Delft, ; Netherlands), The; Goldstein, J. M.; (Yale University School of Medicine, Md; Haven, New; USA), ; Goyal, N. A.; (University of California, Md; USA), Irvine; Hadden, R. D. M.; Md, ; (King’s College Hospital, Phd; UK), London; Hsieh, S. T.; Md, ; (National Taiwan University Hospital, Phd; Taiwan), Taipei; Htut, M.; George’s Hospital, MD (St.; UK), London; Illa, I.; Md, ; i Sant Pau, PhD (Hospital de la Santa Creu; Autònoma de Barcelona, Universitat; Spain), Barcelona; Jellema, K.; Md, ; (Haaglanden Medisch Centrum, Phd; Hague, The; Netherlands), The; Kaida, K.; Md, ; (National Defense Medical College, Phd; Japan), Saitama; Katzberg, H. D.; (University of Toronto, Md; Canada), Toronto; Kiers, L.; (University of Melbourne, Md; Melbourne Hospital, Royal; Australia), Parkville; Kokubun, N.; (Dokkyo Medical University, Md; Japan), Tochigi; van Koningsveld, R.; Md, ; (Elkerliek Hospital, Phd; and Deurne, Helmond; Netherlands), The; van der Kooi, A. J.; Md, ; (Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Phd; Amsterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Kwan, J. Y.; (University of Maryland School of Medicine, Md; USA), Baltimore; Landschoff Lassen, L.; (Glostrup Hospital, Md; Denmark), Glostrup; Lawson, V.; (Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Md; USA), Columbus; Leonhard, S. E.; Md, ; candidate (Erasmus University Medical Centre, Phd; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Mandarakas, M.; Md, ; (Erasmus University Medical Centre, Phd; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Manji, H.; Md, ; (Ipswich Hospital, Frcp; UK), Ipswich; Mattiazzi, M. G.; (Hospital Militar Central, Md; Aires, Buenos; Argentina), ; Mcdermott, C. J.; (Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Md; Clinical, Nihr; UK), Sheffield; Mohammad, Q. D.; Md, ; (National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Phd; Bangladesh), Dhaka; Morís de la Tassa, G.; (Hospital UniversitarioCentral de Asturias, Md; Spain), Asturias; Nascimbene, C.; Md, ; (Luigi Sacco Hospital, Phd; Italy), Milan; Niks, E. H.; Md, ; (Leiden University Medical Centre, Phd; Leiden, ; Netherlands), The; Nowak, R. J.; (Yale University School of Medicine, Md; Haven, New; USA), ; Osei-Bonsu, M.; Md, ; (James Cook University Hospital, Phd; UK), Middlesbrough; Pascuzzi, R. M.; (University of Indiana School of Medicine, Md; USA), Indianapolis; Roberts, R. C.; (Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge, Md; UK), Cambridge; Rojas-Marcos, I.; (Hospital Univesitario Reina Sofia, Md; Spain), Cordoba; Roodbol, J.; Md, ; candidate (Erasmus University Medical Centre, Phd; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Rudnicki, S. A.; (University of Arkansas, Md; USA), Fayetteville; Sachs, G. M.; (University of Rhode Island, Md; USA), Providence; Schenone, A.; Md, ; Department of Neurosciences, PhD (1.; Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation; and Maternal and Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), Genetics; of Genova, University; Genova, ; IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Italy 2.; Italy), Genova; Sheikh, K.; Md, ; (The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Phd; USA), Houston; Twydell, P.; (Spectrum Health System, Do; Rapids, Grand; USA), ; Van Damme, P.; Md, ; (University Hospital Leuven, Phd; Belgium), Leuven; Varrato, J. D.; (Lehigh Valley Health Network, Do; USA), Allentown; Visser, L. H.; Md, ; (Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Phd; and Waalwijk, Tilburg; Netherlands), The; Willison, H. J.; Md, ; (University of Glasgow, Phd; UK), Glasgow; van Woerkom (Erasmus MC, M.; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Zhou, L.; Md, ; (Icahn School, Phd. - In: JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY. - ISSN 0022-3050. - (2021), pp. 1080-1088. [10.1136/jnnp-2020-325815]

Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for mild Guillain-Barré syndrome. An international observational study

G. Antonini;
2021

Abstract

Objective: To compare the disease course in patients with mild Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) who were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) or supportive care only. Methods: We selected patients from the prospective observational International GBS Outcome Study (IGOS) who were able to walk independently at study entry (mild GBS), treated with one IVIg course or supportive care. The primary endpoint was the GBS disability score four weeks after study entry, assessed by multivariable ordinal regression analysis. Results: Of 188 eligible patients, 148 (79%) were treated with IVIg and 40 (21%) with supportive care. The IVIg group was more disabled at baseline. IVIg treatment was not associated with lower GBS disability scores at 4 weeks (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.62, 95% CI 0.63 to 4.13). Nearly all secondary endpoints showed no benefit from IVIg, although the time to regain full muscle strength was shorter (28 vs 56 days, p=0.03) and reported pain at 26 weeks was lower (n=26/121, 22% vs n=12/30, 40%, p=0.04) in the IVIg treated patients. In the subanalysis with persistent mild GBS in the first 2 weeks, the aOR for a lower GBS disability score at 4 weeks was 2.32 (95% CI 0.76 to 7.13). At 1 year, 40% of all patients had residual symptoms. Conclusion: In patients with mild GBS, one course of IVIg did not improve the overall disease course. The certainty of this conclusion is limited by confounding factors, selection bias and wide confidence limits. Residual symptoms were often present after one year, indicating the need for better treatments in mild GBS.
2021
guillain-barré syndrome; intravenous immunoglobulins
01 Pubblicazione su rivista::01a Articolo in rivista
Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for mild Guillain-Barré syndrome. An international observational study / C., Verboon; T., Harbo; D. R., Cornblath; R. A. C., Hughes; P. A., Van Doorn; M. P., Lunn; K. C., Gorson; F., Barroso; S., Kuwabara; G., Galassi; H. C., Lehmann; S., Kusunoki; R. C., Reisin; D., Binda; G., Cavaletti; Andersen, Jacobs B. C. H.; Md, ; (Aarhus University Hospital, Phd; Denmark), Aarhus; Attarian, S.; Md, ; (CHU Timone, Phd; France), Marseille; Badrising, U. A.; Md, ; (Leiden University Medical Centre, Phd; Leiden, ; Netherlands), The; Bateman, K.; Md, ; (Groote Schuur Hospital, Phd; Town, Cape; South-Africa), ; Benedetti, L.; Md, ; (Ospedale Sant’ Andrea La Spezia, Phd; Spezia, La; Italy), ; van den Berg, B.; (Franciscus Gasthuis, Md; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Van den Bergh, P.; Md, ; Luc, PhD (University Clinic St.; Belgium), Leuven; Bertorini, T. E.; (The University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Md; USA), Memphis; Bhavaraju-Sanka, R.; (University Hospital/ University of Texas Health Science Center, Md; Antonio Texas, San; USA), ; Bianco (Milan University, M.; Clinicala and Research Institute Milan, Humanitas; Italy), ; Briani, C.; (University of Padova, Md; Italy), Padova; Bürmann, J.; (Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Md; Germany), Homburg; Casasnovas, C.; Md, ; Ciberer, PhD (Bellvitge University Hospital - IDIBELL Neurometabolic Diseases Group.; Spain), Barcelona; Chao, C. C.; Md, ; (National Taiwan University Hospital, Phd; Taiwan), Taipei; Chavada, G.; Md, ; (Glasgow University, Phd; UK), Glasgow; Claeys, K. G.; Md, ; University Hospitals Leuven, PhD (1.; Belgium, Leuven; KU Leuven, 2.; Belgium), Leuven; Cosgrove, J. S.; (Leeds General Infirmary, Md; UK), Leeds; Dalakas, M. C.; Thomas Jefferson University, MD (1.; Usa, Philadelphia; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2.; Greece), Athens; Davidson, A.; (University of Glasgow, Md; UK), Glasgow; van Dijk, G. W.; (Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Md; Nijmegen, ; Netherlands), The; Dardiotis, E.; (University of Thessaly, Md; of Larissa, Hospital; Greece), Larissa; Derejko, M.; (Odense University Hospital, Md; Denmark), Odense; Dimachkie, M. M.; (University of Kansas Medical Center, Md; City, Kansas; USA), ; Dornonville de la Cour, C.; (National Hospital Copenhagen, Md; Denmark), Copenhagen; Echaniz-Laguna, A.; (Bicêtre University Hospital, Md; France), Paris; Eftimov, F.; Md, ; (Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Phd; Amsterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Faber, C. G.; Md, ; (Maastricht University Medical Centre, Phd; Maastricht, ; Netherlands), The; Fazio, R.; (Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Md; Italy), Milan; Fulgenzi, J. Fehmi (University of Oxford E. A.; (Hospital Cesar Milstein Buenos Aires, Md; Aires, Buenos; Argentina), ; García-Sobrino, T.; (Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Md; de Compostela (A Coruña), Santiago; Spain), ; Gijsbers, C. J.; (Vlietland Hospital, Md; Schiedam, ; Netherlands), The; Granit, V.; (Montefiore Medical, Md; Center, ; York, New; USA), ; Grisanti, S.; (Ospedale Sant’ Andrea La Spezia, Md; Spezia, La; Italy), ; Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, G.; (Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofia, Md; Sebastian, San; Spain), ; Holbech, J. V.; Md, ; (Odense University Hospital, Phd; Denmark), Odense; Holt, J. K. L.; Phd, ; (The Walton Centre, Frcp; UK), Liverpool; Homedes, C.; Ciberer, MD (Bellvitge University Hospital - IDIBELL Neurometabolic Diseases Group.; Spain), Barcelona; Islam, B.; Md, ; (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Phd; (icddr, Bangladesh; Dhaka, b); Bangladesh), ; Islam, Z.; Md, ; (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Phd; (icddr, Bangladesh; Dhaka, b); Bangladesh), ; Jahan, I.; candidate (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Phd; (icddr, Bangladesh; Dhaka, b); Bangladesh), ; Jericó Pascual, I.; Md, ; (Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Phd; Spain), Pamplona; Karafiath, S.; (University of Utah School of Medicine, Md; Lake City, Salt; USA), ; Kerkhoff, H.; Md, ; (Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Phd; Dordrecht, ; Netherlands), The; Kimpinski, K.; (University Hospital, Md; London-Ontario, Lhsc; Canada), ; Kohler, A.; (Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Md; Fleni, ; Aires, Buenos; Argentina), ; Kolb, N.; (University of Vermont, Md; Vt, Burlington; USA), ; Kuitwaard, K.; Md, ; Albert Schweitzer Hospital, PhD (1.; Dordrecht, ; Erasmus MC, 2.; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Kuwahara, M.; Md, ; (Kindai University, Phd; Japan), Osaka; Ladha, S. S.; (Barrow Neurology Clinics, Md; Arizona, Phoenix; USA), ; Lee Pan, E.; (Groote Schuur Hospital, Mbchb; Town, Cape; South-Africa), ; Marfia, G. A.; (Neurological Clinic, Md; Tor Vergata, Policlinico; Italy), Rome; Magot, A.; (Reference Centre for NMD, Md; University Hospital, Nantes; France), ; Márquez Infante, C.; (Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Md; Spain), Seville; Martín-Aguilar, L.; i Sant Pau, MD (Hospital de la Santa Creu; Autònoma de Barcelona, Universitat; Spain), Barcelona; Martinez Hernandez, E.; i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), MD (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi; Clinic, Hospital; Spain), Barcelona; Mataluni, G.; Md, ; (Neurological Clinic, Phd; Tor Vergata, Policlinico; Italy), Rome; Meekins, G.; (University of Minnesota, Md; USA), ; Miller, J. A. L.; Md, ; (Royal Victoria Infirmary, Phd; UK), Newcastle; Monges, M. S.; Garrahan, MD (Hospital de Pediatría J. P.; Aires, Buenos; Argentina), ; Nobile Orazio, E.; Md, ; (Milan University, Phd; Clinicala and Research Institute Milan, Humanitas; Italy), ; Pardal, A.; (Hospital Britanico, Md; Aires, Buenos; Argentina), ; Pardo Fernandez (Hospital Clínico de Santiago, J.; de Compostela (A Coruña), Santiago; Spain), ; Péréon, Y.; Md, ; (Reference Centre for NMD, Phd; University Hospital, Nantes; France), ; Pulley, M.; (University of Florida, Md; USA), Jacksonville; Querol Gutierrez, L.; Md, ; i Sant Pau, PhD (Hospital de la Santa Creu; Autònoma de Barcelona, Universitat; Spain), Barcelona; Reddel, S. W.; Md, ; (Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Phd; Australia), Sydney; van der Ree, T.; (Westfriesgasthuis, Md; Hoorn, ; Netherlands), The; Rinaldi, S.; Mbchb, ; Samijn, PhD (University of Oxford J. P. A.; (Maasstad Hospital, Md; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Samukawa, M.; Md, ; (Kindai University, Phd; Japan), Osaka; Santoro, L.; Md, ; (University Federico II, Phd; Italy), Napels; Savransky, A.; Md, ; Garrahan, PhD (Hospital de Pediatría J. P.; Aires, Buenos; Argentina), ; Schwindling, L.; (Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Md; Germany), Homburg; Sedano Tous, M. J.; (Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Md; Cantabria, Santander; Spain), ; Sekiguchi, Y.; Md, ; (Chiba University, Phd; Japan), Chiba; Shahrizaila, N.; (Neurology Unit, Md; of Medicine, Department; of Medicine, Faculty; of Malaya, University; Malaya), ; Silvestri, N. J.; Sindrup, MD (Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine S.; Md, ; (Odense University Hospital, Phd; Denmark), Odense; Sommer, C. L.; (Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Md; Germany), Würzburg; Spyropoulos (Royal Victoria Infirmary, A.; UK), Newcastle; Stein, B.; Joseph’s Regional Medical Center, MD (St.; USA), Paterson; Tan, C. Y.; (Neurology Unit, Mrcp; of Medicine, Department; of Medicine, Faculty; of Malaya, University; Malaya), ; Tankisi, H.; Md, ; (Aarhus University Hospital, Phd; Denmark), Aarhus; Vermeij, F.; (Franciscus Gasthuis, Md; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Vytopil, M. V.; Md, ; Wirtz, PhD (Tufts University School of Medicine Lahey Hospital P. W.; Md, ; (HagaZiekenhuis, Phd; Hague, The; Netherlands), The; Waheed, W.; (University of Vermont Medical Center, Md; Burlington, ; Addington, USA). Other collaborators were:J. M.; (University of Virginia, Md; USA), Charlottesville; Ajroud-Driss, S.; (Northwestern University Feinberg, Md; USA), Chicago; Antonini, G.; (Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Md; University, Sapienza; Hospital, Sant’Andrea; Italy), Rome; Bella, I. R.; (University of Mass Medical School, Md; USA), Worcester; Brannagan, T. H.; (Columbia University, Md; York City, New; USA), ; Bunschoten, C.; Md, ; candidate (Erasmus University Medical Centre, Phd; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Busby, M.; (Leeds General Infirmary, Md; UK), Bradford; Butterworth, S.; (Pinderfields Hospital, Md; UK), Wakefield; Conti, M. E.; (University Hospital Clinicas, Md; Aires, Buenos; Argentina), ; Chen, S.; Md, ; (Rutgers, Phd; Wood Johnson University Hospital, Robert; Brunswick, New; USA), ; Doets, A.; Md, ; candidate (Erasmus University Medical Centre, Phd; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Feasby, T. E.; (University of Calgary, Md; Canada), Calgary; Fokke, C.; (Gelre Hospital, Md; and Apeldoorn, Zutphen; Netherlands), The; Fujioka, T.; (Toho University Medical Center, Md; Japan), Tokyo; Garssen, M. P. J.; Md, ; (Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Phd; Hertogenbosch, ’S; Netherlands), The; Gilchrist, J. M.; (Soulthern Illinois University School of Medicine, Md; USA), Springfield; Gilhuis, J.; Md, ; (Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Phd; Delft, ; Netherlands), The; Goldstein, J. M.; (Yale University School of Medicine, Md; Haven, New; USA), ; Goyal, N. A.; (University of California, Md; USA), Irvine; Hadden, R. D. M.; Md, ; (King’s College Hospital, Phd; UK), London; Hsieh, S. T.; Md, ; (National Taiwan University Hospital, Phd; Taiwan), Taipei; Htut, M.; George’s Hospital, MD (St.; UK), London; Illa, I.; Md, ; i Sant Pau, PhD (Hospital de la Santa Creu; Autònoma de Barcelona, Universitat; Spain), Barcelona; Jellema, K.; Md, ; (Haaglanden Medisch Centrum, Phd; Hague, The; Netherlands), The; Kaida, K.; Md, ; (National Defense Medical College, Phd; Japan), Saitama; Katzberg, H. D.; (University of Toronto, Md; Canada), Toronto; Kiers, L.; (University of Melbourne, Md; Melbourne Hospital, Royal; Australia), Parkville; Kokubun, N.; (Dokkyo Medical University, Md; Japan), Tochigi; van Koningsveld, R.; Md, ; (Elkerliek Hospital, Phd; and Deurne, Helmond; Netherlands), The; van der Kooi, A. J.; Md, ; (Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Phd; Amsterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Kwan, J. Y.; (University of Maryland School of Medicine, Md; USA), Baltimore; Landschoff Lassen, L.; (Glostrup Hospital, Md; Denmark), Glostrup; Lawson, V.; (Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Md; USA), Columbus; Leonhard, S. E.; Md, ; candidate (Erasmus University Medical Centre, Phd; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Mandarakas, M.; Md, ; (Erasmus University Medical Centre, Phd; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Manji, H.; Md, ; (Ipswich Hospital, Frcp; UK), Ipswich; Mattiazzi, M. G.; (Hospital Militar Central, Md; Aires, Buenos; Argentina), ; Mcdermott, C. J.; (Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Md; Clinical, Nihr; UK), Sheffield; Mohammad, Q. D.; Md, ; (National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Phd; Bangladesh), Dhaka; Morís de la Tassa, G.; (Hospital UniversitarioCentral de Asturias, Md; Spain), Asturias; Nascimbene, C.; Md, ; (Luigi Sacco Hospital, Phd; Italy), Milan; Niks, E. H.; Md, ; (Leiden University Medical Centre, Phd; Leiden, ; Netherlands), The; Nowak, R. J.; (Yale University School of Medicine, Md; Haven, New; USA), ; Osei-Bonsu, M.; Md, ; (James Cook University Hospital, Phd; UK), Middlesbrough; Pascuzzi, R. M.; (University of Indiana School of Medicine, Md; USA), Indianapolis; Roberts, R. C.; (Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge, Md; UK), Cambridge; Rojas-Marcos, I.; (Hospital Univesitario Reina Sofia, Md; Spain), Cordoba; Roodbol, J.; Md, ; candidate (Erasmus University Medical Centre, Phd; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Rudnicki, S. A.; (University of Arkansas, Md; USA), Fayetteville; Sachs, G. M.; (University of Rhode Island, Md; USA), Providence; Schenone, A.; Md, ; Department of Neurosciences, PhD (1.; Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation; and Maternal and Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), Genetics; of Genova, University; Genova, ; IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Italy 2.; Italy), Genova; Sheikh, K.; Md, ; (The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Phd; USA), Houston; Twydell, P.; (Spectrum Health System, Do; Rapids, Grand; USA), ; Van Damme, P.; Md, ; (University Hospital Leuven, Phd; Belgium), Leuven; Varrato, J. D.; (Lehigh Valley Health Network, Do; USA), Allentown; Visser, L. H.; Md, ; (Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Phd; and Waalwijk, Tilburg; Netherlands), The; Willison, H. J.; Md, ; (University of Glasgow, Phd; UK), Glasgow; van Woerkom (Erasmus MC, M.; Rotterdam, ; Netherlands), The; Zhou, L.; Md, ; (Icahn School, Phd. - In: JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY. - ISSN 0022-3050. - (2021), pp. 1080-1088. [10.1136/jnnp-2020-325815]
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