Keratoconus: the possible involvement of inflammatory cytokines in its pathogenesis. An experimental study and review of the literature

Objective: Keratoconus (KC) is generally described as a non-inflammatory disease, characterized by thinning in the central region of the cornea with consequent tissue degradation producing impaired visual acuity. Materials and methods: In our experimental study, we analyzed the presence and implications of several inflammatory cytokines in the corneal tissues of patients suffering from keratoconus by immunohistochemical analysis. Results: The analysis showed increased levels of inflammatory factors in the pathological tissues compared to controls, confirming that KC cannot be considered an entirely non-inflammatory pathology and that its etiopathogenesis includes several chronic inflammatory events. Conclusions: In the light of these results, the classification of KC as an inflammatory pathology or as a pathology related to inflammation might be useful in directing future research aimed at developing effective anti-inflammatory therapies to pharmacologically target the inflammatory mediators which contribute to the development and progression of the disease.