Survival after the diagnosis of de novo malignancy in liver transplant recipients

In the setting of liver transplant (LT), the survival after the diagnosis of de novo malignancies (DNMs) has been poorly investigated. In this study, we assessed the impact of DNMs on survival of LT recipients as compared to corresponding LT recipients without DNM. A nested case–control study was conducted in a cohort of 2,818 LT recipients enrolled in nine Italian centres between 1985 and 2014. Cases were 244 LT recipients who developed DNMs after LT. For each case, two controls matched for gender, age, and year at transplant were selected by incidence density sampling among cohort members without DNM. The survival probabilities were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Hazard ratios (HRs) of death and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models. The all-cancer 10-year survival was 43% in cases versus 70% in controls (HR = 4.66; 95% CI: 3.17–6.85). Survival was impaired in cases for all the most frequent cancer types, including lung (HR = 37.13; 95% CI: 4.98–276.74), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (HR = 6.57; 95% CI: 2.15–20.01), head and neck (HR = 4.65; 95% CI: 1.81–11.95), and colon-rectum (HR = 3.61; 95% CI: 1.08–12.07). The survival gap was observed for both early and late mortality, although the effect was more pronounced in the first year after cancer diagnosis. No significant differences in survival emerged for Kaposi's sarcoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. The survival gap herein quantified included a broad range of malignancies following LT and prompts close monitoring during the post-transplant follow-up to ensure early cancer diagnosis and to improve survival.