La libertà fuori dalla Russia. I liberalismi russi tra guerra e rivoluzione e l’emigrazione dei costituzional-democratici a Parigi (1905-1921)

The research aimed to follow an interdisciplinary investigation on the idea of freedom in the Russian finis imperii and on the parabola of the Russian constitutional-democratic party (rossijskaja konstitucionno-demokratičeskaja partija- KD) from its formation (in 1905) to its split (in 1921) in the Russian-liberal emigration to Paris. The methodology combined the history of Russian-European diplomacy in the context of the First World War, the drafting of peace treaties and the formulation of the Paris Peace Conference (1919); the history of Russian political thought, in particular the concept of freedom and liberalism, as the object of a semantics that was both liberal-institutional and revolutionary (because, from 1905 and with February 1917 the idea of legitimate liberal revolution aspired to universality); Finally, the historical semiotics, understood as the analysis of the linguistic signs characterizing the liberal exponents through some key concepts, corresponding to different ideological moments (in 1905, in 1917, in 1921).