Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Murray, Christopher J L; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y; Zheng, Peng; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbas, Kaja M; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdollahi, Mohammad; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein; Abolhassani, Hassan; Aboyans, Victor; Abreu, Lucas Guimarães; Abrigo, Michael R M; Abualhasan, Ahmed; Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal; Abushouk, Abdelrahman I; Adabi, Maryam; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O; Adham, Davoud; Advani, Shailesh M; Agarwal, Gina; Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem; Agrawal, Anurag; Ahmad, Tauseef; Ahmadi, Keivan; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Ahmadieh, Hamid; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie; Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola; Akinyemiju, Tomi; Akombi, Blessing; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Alahdab, Fares; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alam, Samiah; Alam, Tahiya; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi, Turki M; Alemu, Biresaw wassihun; Alhabib, Khalid F; Ali, Muhammad; Ali, Saqib; Alicandro, Gianfranco; Alinia, Cyrus; Alipour, Vahid; Alizade, Hesam; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alla, François; Allebeck, Peter; Almasi-Hashiani, Amir; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M; Alonso, Jordi; Altirkawi, Khalid A; Amini-Rarani, Mostafa; Amiri, Fatemeh; Amugsi, Dickson A; Ancuceanu, Robert; Anderlini, Deanna; Anderson, Jason A; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Andrei, Tudorel; Angus, Colin; Anjomshoa, Mina; Ansari, Fereshteh; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T; Antony, Catherine M; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Anvari, Davood; Anwer, Razique; Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab-Zozani, Morteza; Ariani, Filippo; Armoon, Bahram; Ärnlöv, Johan; Arzani, Afsaneh; Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran; Asadi-Pooya, Ali A; Ashbaugh, Charlie; Assmus, Michael; Atafar, Zahra; Atnafu, Desta Debalkie; Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi; Ausloos, Floriane; Ausloos, Marcel; Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina; Ayano, Getinet; Ayanore, Martin Amogre; Azari, Samad; Azarian, Ghasem; Azene, Zelalem Nigussie; Badawi, Alaa; Badiye, Ashish D; Bahrami, Mohammad Amin; Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein; Bakhtiari, Ahad; Bakkannavar, Shankar M; Baldasseroni, Alberto; Ball, Kylie; Ballew, Shoshana H; Balzi, Daniela; Banach, Maciej; Banerjee, Srikanta K; Bante, Agegnehu Bante; Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher; Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn; Bärnighausen, Till Winfried; Barrero, Lope H; Barthelemy, Celine M; Barua, Lingkan; Basu, Sanjay; Baune, Bernhard T; Bayati, Mohsen; Becker, Jacob S; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Béjot, Yannick; Bell, Michellr L; Bennitt, Fiona B; Bensenor, Isabela M; Berhe, Kidanemaryam; Berman, Adam E; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhageerathy, Reshmi; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhandari, Dinesh; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat; Biondi, Antonio; Birihane, Binyam Minuye; Bisignano, Catherine; Biswas, Raaj Kishore; Bitew, Helen; Bohlouli, Somayeh; Bohluli, Mehdi; Boon-Dooley, Alexandra S; Borges, Guilherme; Borzì, Antonio Maria; Borzouei, Shiva; Bosetti, Cristina; Boufous, Soufiane; Braithwaite, Dejana; Breitborde, Nicholas J K; Breitner, Susanne; Brenner, Hermann; Briant, Paul Svitil; Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Britton, Gabrielle B; Bryazka, Dana; Bumgarner, Blair R; Burkart, Katrin; Burnett, Richard Thomas; Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath; Butt, Zahid A; Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano; Cahill, Leah E; Cámera, Luis LA Alberto; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R; Cárdenas, Rosario; Carreras, Giulia; Carrero, Juan J; Carvalho, Felix; Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio; Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A; Castelpietra, Giulio; Castro, Franz; Causey, Kate; Cederroth, Christopher R; Cercy, Kelly M; Cerin, Ester; Chandan, Joht Singh; Chang, Kai-Lan; Charlson, Fiona J; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chaturvedi, Sarika; Cherbuin, Nicolas; Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel; Cho, Daniel Youngwhan; Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine; Christensen, Hanne; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Chung, Michael T; Chung, Sheng-Chia; Cicuttini, Flavia M; Ciobanu, Liliana G; Cirillo, Massimo; Classen, Thomas Khaled Dwayne; Cohen, Aaron J; Compton, Kelly; Cooper, Owen R; Costa, Vera Marisa; Cousin, Ewerton; Cowden, Richard G; Cross, Di H; Cruz, Jessica A; Dahlawi, Saad M A; Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura; Damiani, Giovanni; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Dangel, William James; Danielsson, Anna-Karin; Dargan, Paul I; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Daryani, Ahmad; Das, Jai K; Das Gupta, Rajat; das Neves, José; Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil; De Leo, Diego; Degenhardt, Louisa; Delang, Marissa; Dellavalle, Robert Paul; Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen; Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam; Demsie, Desalegn Getnet; Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Dhungana, Govinda Prasad; Dianatinasab, Mostafa; Dias da Silva, Diana; Diaz, Daniel; Dibaji Forooshani, Zahra Sadat; Djalalinia, Shirin; Hoa Thi, Do; Dokova, Klara; Dorostkar, Fariba; Doshmangir, Leila; Driscoll, Tim Robert; Duncan, Bruce B; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues; Eagan, Arielle Wilder; Edvardsson, David; El Nahas, Nevine; El Sayed, Iman; El Tantawi, Maha; Elbarazi, Iffat; Elgendy, Islam Y; El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I; Elyazar, Iqbal RF; Emmons-Bell, Sophia; Erskine, Holly E; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Esmaeilnejad, Saman; Esteghamati, Alireza; Estep, Kara; Etemadi, Arash; Etisso, Atkilt Esaiyas; Fanzo, Jessica; Farahmand, Mohammad; Fareed, Mohammad; Faridnia, Roghiyeh; Farioli, Andrea; Faro, Andre; Faruque, Mithila; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fattahi, Nazir; Fazlzadeh, Mehdi; Feigin, Valery L; Feldman, Rachel; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Ferrara, Giannina; Ferrari, Alize J; Ferreira, Manuela L; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fisher, James L; Flor, Luisa Sorio; Foigt, Nataliya A; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich; Force, Lisa M; Foroutan, Masoud; Franklin, Richard Charles; Freitas, Marisa; Weijia, Fu; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Furtado, João M; Gad, Mohamed M; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Gallus, Silvano; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L; Gardner, William M; Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle; Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew; Geremew, Abraham; Gershberg Hayoon, Anna; Gething, Peter W; Ghadimi, Maryam; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh; Ghafourifard, Mansour; Ghamari, Farhad; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Ghiasvand, Hesam; Ghith, Nermin; Gholamian, Asadollah; Ghosh, Rakesh; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Ginindza, Themba G G; Giussani, Giorgia; Gnedovskaya, Elena V; Goharinezhad, Salime; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Gorini, Giuseppe; Goudarzi, Houman; Goulart, Alessandra C; Greaves, Felix; Grivna, Michal; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guimarães, Rafael Alves; Guled, Rashid Abdi; Guo, Gaorui; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Tarun; Haddock, Beatrix; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Hafiz, Abdul; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya; Hall, Brian J; Halvaei, Iman; Hamadeh, Randah R; Hamidi, Samer; Hammer, Melanie S; Hankey, Graeme J; Haririan, Hamidreza; Haro, Josep Maria; Hasaballah, Ahmed I; Hasan, Md Mehedi; Hasanpoor, Edris; Hashi, Abdiwahab; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hassankhani, Hadi; Havmoeller, Rasmus J; Hay, Simon I; Hayat, Khezar; Heidari, Golnaz; Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza; Henrikson, Hannah J; Herbert, Molly E; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydarpour, Fatemeh; Hird, Thomas R; Hoek, Hans W; Holla, Ramesh; Hoogar, Praveen; Hosgood, H Dean; Hossain, Naznin; Hosseini, Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Househ, Mowafa; Hsairi, Mohamed; Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong; Guoqing, Hu; Kejia, Hu; Huda, Tanvir M; Humayun, Ayesha; Huynh, Chantal K; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Iannucci, Vincent C; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ikeda, Nayu; Ikuta, Kevin S; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M; Ilic, Milena D; Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja; Ippolito, Helen; Iqbal, Usman; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter; Islam, M Mofizul; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Iso, Hiroyasu; Ivers, Rebecca Q; Iwu, Chidozie C D; Iwu, Chinwe Juliana; Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi; Jaafari, Jalil; Jacobsen, Kathryn H; Jafari, Hussain; Jafarinia, Morteza; Jahani, Mohammad Ali; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jalilian, Farzad; James, Spencer L; Janjani, Hosna; Javaheri, Tahereh; Javidnia, Javad; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jenabi, Ensiyeh; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; John S, Ji; Johansson, Lars; John, Oommen; John-Akinola, Yetunde O; Johnson, Catherine Owens; Jonas, Jost B; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jürisson, Mikk; Kabir, Ali; Kabir, Zubair; Kalani, Hamed; Kalani, Rizwan; Kalankesh, Leila R; Kalhor, Rohollah; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kapoor, Neeti; Karami Matin, Behzad; Karch, André; Karim, Mohd Anisul; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kayode, Gbenga A; Kazemi Karyani, Ali; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Keller, Cathleen; Kemmer, Laura; Kendrick, Parkes J; Khalid, Nauman; Khammarnia, Mohammad; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Maseer; Khatab, Khaled; Khater, Mona M; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli; Khayamzadeh, Maryam; Khazaei, Salman; Kieling, Christian; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kivimäki, Mika; Knibbs, Luke D; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Kocarnik, Jonathan M; Kochhar, Sonali; Kopec, Jacek A; Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich; Koul, Parvaiz A; Koyanagi, Ai; Kraemer, Moritz U G; Krishan, Kewal; Krohn, Kris J; Kromhout, Hans; Kuate Defo, Barthelemy; Kumar, G Anil; Kumar, Vivek; Kurmi, Om P; Kusuma, Dian; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lacey, Ben; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lallukka, Tea; Lami, Faris Hasan; Landires, Iván; Lang, Justin J; Langan, Sinéad M; Larsson, Anders O; Lasrado, Savita; Lauriola, Paolo; Lazarus, Jeffrey V; Lee, Paul H; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Legrand, Kate E; Leigh, James; Leonardi, Matilde; Lescinsky, Haley; Leung, Janni; Levi, Miriam; Shanshan, Li; Lim, Lee-Ling; Linn, Shai; Liu, Shiwei; Liu, Simin; Liu, Yang; Justin, Lo; Lopez, Alan D; Lopez, Jaifred Christian F; Lopukhov, Platon D; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A; Alton, Lu; Lugo, Alessandra; Maddison, Emilie R; Mahasha, Phetole Walter; Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi; Mahmoudi, Morteza; Majeed, Azeem; Maleki, Afshin; Maleki, Shokofeh; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A; Manda, Ana Laura; Manguerra, Helena; Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz; Mansouri, Borhan; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Mantilla Herrera, Ana M; Maravilla, Joemer C; Marks, Ashley; Martin, Randall V; Martini, Santi; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio; Masaka, Anthony; Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra; Mathur, Manu Raj; Matsushita, Kunihiro; Maulik, Pallab K; Mcalinden, Colm; Mcgrath, John J; Mckee, Martin; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Mehri, Fereshteh; Mehta, Kala M; Memish, Ziad A; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G; Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku; Mereke, Alibek; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Michalek, Irmina Maria; Miller, Ted R; Mills, Edward J; Mini, Gk; Miri, Mohammad; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M; Mirzaei, Hamed; Mirzaei, Maryam; Mirzaei, Roya; Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen; Mithra, Prasanna; Moazen, Babak; Mohammad, Dara K; Mohammad, Yousef; Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadpourhodki, Reza; Mohammed, Ammas Siraj; Mohammed, Hussen; Mohammed, Jemal Abdu; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mokdad, Ali H; Molokhia, Mariam; Monasta, Lorenzo; Mooney, Meghan D; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi, Masoud; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah; Moraga, Paula; Morawska, Lidia; Morgado-da-Costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosapour, Abbas; Mosser, Jonathan F; Mouodi, Simin; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mukhopadhyay, Satinath; Mullany, Erin C; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Nabhan, Ashraf F; Naderi, Mehdi; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nagel, Gabriele; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naghshtabrizi, Behshad; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Najafi, Farid; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Naserbakht, Morteza; Nayak, Vinod C; Negoi, Ionut; Ngunjiri, Josephine W; Nguyen, Cuong Tat; Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi; Nguyen, Minh; Nigatu, Yeshambel T; Nikbakhsh, Rajan; Nixon, Molly R; Nnaji, Chukwudi A; Nomura, Shuhei; Norrving, Bo; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nowak, Christoph; Nunez-Samudio, Virginia; Oţoiu, Adrian; Oancea, Bogdan; Odell, Christopher M; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; In-Hwan, Oh; Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera; Oladnabi, Morteza; Olagunju, Andrew T; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Omer, Muktar Omer; Ong, Kanyin L; Onwujekwe, Obinna E; Orpana, Heather M; Ortiz, Alberto; Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo; Osei, Frank B; Ostroff, Samuel M; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S; Øverland, Simon; Owolabi, Mayowa O; P A, Mahesh; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Palladino, Raffaele; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Anamika; Parry, Charles D H; Pasovic, Maja; Pasupula, Deepak Kumar; Patel, Sangram Kishor; Pathak, Mona; Patten, Scott B; Patton, George C; Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza; Peden, Amy E; Pennini, Alyssa; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Peprah, Emmanuel K; Pereira, David M; Pesudovs, Konrad; Pham, Hai Quang; Phillips, Michael R; Piccinelli, Cristiano; Pilz, Tessa M; Piradov, Michael A; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Plass, Dietrich; Polinder, Suzanne; Polkinghorne, Kevan R; Pond, Constance Dimity; Postma, Maarten J; Pourjafar, Hadi; Pourmalek, Farshad; Poznańska, Anna; Prada, Sergio I; Prakash, V; Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga; Pupillo, Elisabetta; Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin; Rabiee, Mohammad; Rabiee, Navid; Radfar, Amir; Rafiee, Ata; Raggi, Alberto; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali; Rajati, Fatemeh; Rakovac, Ivo; Ram, Pradhum; Ramezanzadeh, Kiana; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Rao, Puja C; Rao, Sowmya J; Rashedi, Vahid; Rathi, Priya; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Rawal, Lal; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Rawat, Ramu; Razo, Christian; Redford, Sofia Boston; Reiner, Robert C; Reitsma, Marissa Bettay; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renjith, Vishnu; Renzaho, Andre M N; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaei, Nima; Rezapour, Aziz; Rhinehart, Phoebe-Anne; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Ribeiro, Daniel Cury; Ribeiro, Daniela; Rickard, Jennifer; Rivera, Juan A; Roberts, Nicholas L S; Rodríguez-Ramírez, Sonia; Roever, Leonardo; Ronfani, Luca; Room, Robin; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Roth, Gregory A; Rothenbacher, Dietrich; Rubagotti, Enrico; Rwegerera, Godfrey M; Sabour, Siamak; Sachdev, Perminder S; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Sadeghi, Masoumeh; Saeedi, Reza; Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar; Safari, Yahya; Safi, Sare; Safiri, Saeid; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sajadi, S Mohammad; Salam, Nasir; Salamati, Payman; Salem, Hosni; Salem, Marwa R Rashad; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Salman, Omar Mukhtar; Salomon, Joshua A; Samad, Zainab; Samadi Kafil, Hossein; Sambala, Evanson Zondani; Samy, Abdallah M; Sanabria, Juan; Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G; Santomauro, Damian Francesco; Santos, Itamar S; Santos, João Vasco; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M; Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer; Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Benn; Sarveazad, Arash; Sathian, Brijesh; Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu; Sattin, Davide; Saxena, Sonia; Schaeffer, Lauren E; Schiavolin, Silvia; Schlaich, Markus P; Schmidt, Maria Inês; Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth; Schwebel, David C; Schwendicke, Falk; Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sepanlou, Sadaf G; Serdar, Berrin; Serre, Marc L; Shadid, Jamileh; Shafaat, Omid; Shahabi, Saeed; Shaheen, Amira A; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shalash, Ali S; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsizadeh, Morteza; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sheikh, Aziz; Sheikhtaheri, Abbas; Shibuya, Kenji; Shield, Kevin David; Shigematsu, Mika; Shin, Jae Il; Shin, Min-Jeong; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shuval, Kerem; Siabani, Soraya; Sierpinski, Radoslaw; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig; Silva, João Pedro; Simpson, Kyle E; Singh, Jasvinder A; Singh, Pushpendra; Skiadaresi, Eirini; Skou, Søren T Skou; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Smith, Emma U R; Soheili, Amin; Soltani, Shahin; Soofi, Moslem; Sorensen, Reed J D; Soriano, Joan B; Sorrie, Muluken Bekele; Soshnikov, Sergey; Soyiri, Ireneous N; Spencer, Cory N; Spotin, Adel; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T; Srinivasan, Vinay; Stanaway, Jeffrey D; Stein, Caroline; Stein, Dan J; Steiner, Caitlyn; Stockfelt, Leo; Stokes, Mark A; Straif, Kurt; Stubbs, Jacob L; Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul; Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan; Sulo, Gerhard; Sultan, Iyad; Szumowski, Łukasz; Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabb, Karen M; Tabuchi, Takahiro; Taherkhani, Amir; Tajdini, Masih; Takahashi, Ken; Takala, Jukka S; Tamiru, Animut Tagele; Taveira, Nuno; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Tesema, Getayeneh Antehunegn; Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse; Thurston, George D; Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna; Tohidinik, Hamid Reza; Tonelli, Marcello; Topor-Madry, Roman; Topouzis, Fotis; Torre, Anna E; Touvier, Mathilde; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Roberto; Tran, Bach Xuan; Travillian, Ravensara; Tsatsakis, Aristidis; Tudor Car, Lorainne; Tyrovolas, Stefanos; Uddin, Riaz; Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David; Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran; Upadhyay, Era; Vacante, Marco; Valdez, Pascual R; van Donkelaar, Aaron; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Vasseghian, Yasser; Veisani, Yousef; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; Violante, Francesco S; Vlassov, Vasily; Vollset, Stein Emil; Vos, Theo; Vukovic, Rade; Waheed, Yasir; Wallin, Mitchell Taylor; Wang, Yafeng; Wang, Yuan-Pang; Watson, Alexandrea; Wei, Jingkai; Wei, Melissa Y Wei; Weintraub, Robert G; Weiss, Jordan; Werdecker, Andrea; West, J Jason; Westerman, Ronny; Whisnant, Joanna L; Whiteford, Harvey A; Wiens, Kirsten E; Wolfe, Charles D A; Wozniak, Sarah S; Ai-Min, Wu; Junjie, Wu; Wulf Hanson, Sarah; Gelin, Xu; Rixing, Xu; Yadgir, Simon; Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein; Yamagishi, Kazumasa; Yaminfirooz, Mousa; Yano, Yuichiro; Yaya, Sanni; Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid; Yeheyis, Tomas Y; Yilgwan, Christopher Sabo; Yilma, Mekdes Tigistu; Yip, Paul; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Younis, Mustafa Z; Younker, Theodore Patrick; Yousefi, Bahman; Yousefi, Zabihollah; Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh; Yousuf, Abdilahi Yousuf; Chuanhua, Yu; Yusefzadeh, Hasan; Zahirian Moghadam, Telma; Zamani, Mohammad; Zamanian, Maryam; Zandian, Hamed; Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich; Zhang, Yunquan; Zhang, Zhi-Jiang; Zhao, Jeff T; Zhao, Xiu-Ju George; Zhao, Yingxi; Zhou, Maigeng; Ziapour, Arash; Zimsen, Stephanie R M; Brauer, Michael; Afshin, Ashkan; Lim, Stephen S

doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2

Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease.

Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 / Murray, Christopher J L; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y; Zheng, Peng; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbas, Kaja M; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdollahi, Mohammad; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein; Abolhassani, Hassan; Aboyans, Victor; Abreu, Lucas Guimarães; Abrigo, Michael R M; Abualhasan, Ahmed; Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal; Abushouk, Abdelrahman I; Adabi, Maryam; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O; Adham, Davoud; Advani, Shailesh M; Agarwal, Gina; Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem; Agrawal, Anurag; Ahmad, Tauseef; Ahmadi, Keivan; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Ahmadieh, Hamid; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie; Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola; Akinyemiju, Tomi; Akombi, Blessing; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Alahdab, Fares; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alam, Samiah; Alam, Tahiya; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour; 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[10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2]