Adherence to Mediterranean diet moderates the association between multimorbidity and depressive symptoms in older adults

Aim: Adherence to Mediterranean Diet (Med-Diet) has been associated with a lower incidence of chronic diseases and may be associated with lower risk for depression. The aim of the present study was to investigate (i) the association of adherence to Med-Diet with depressive symptoms and multimorbidity in a cohort of geriatric medical outpatients, and (ii) the role of Med-Diet in mediating the association between depressive symptoms and multimorbidity. Methods: A total of 143 geriatric patients (mean age: 73.1 ± 8.35) were included. Adherence to Med-Diet was evaluated using a validated 14-item questionnaire; depressive and cognitive symptoms were assessed through the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) respectively; multimorbidity was evaluated using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRSG-SI). Results: Significant associations were found between MDQ score, GDS and CIRSG-SI (MDQ score and GDS: r= -0.206, p = 0.014; MDQ score and CIRSG-SI: r= -0.247, p = 0.003; GDS and CIRSG-SI: r = 0.251; p = 0.003). These associations remained significant after adjusting for potential confounding factors. A mediational model analysis showed that the direct effect of CIRSG-SI on GDS was significant (b = 1.330; se = 0.59; p = 0.028) with this effect being counterbalanced by higher MDQ scores (indirect effect of CIRS-G on GDS through MDQ: b = 0.382; se = 0.19; p = 0.048). Conclusion: These findings (i) add to the accumulating evidence that Med-Diet may have a positive impact on mental health in the elderly, and (ii) suggest that Med-Diet may contribute, at least in part, to protect geriatric patients with multimorbidity from the development of depressive symptoms, ultimately promoting healthy aging.