Agro-industrial wastes as potential carriers for enzyme immobilization: a review

This review provides a general overview of the suitability of different agro-industrial wastes for enzymeimmobilization. For the purposes of this literary study, the support materials are divided into two maingroups, called lignocellulosic (coconutfiber, corn cob, spent grain, spent coffee, husk, husk ash, and strawrice, soybean and wheat bran) and not lignocellulosic by-products (eggshell and eggshell membranes).The study pointed out that all of these wastes are materials of great potentiality for enzyme immobili-zation even if coconutfiber is preferred. This result is of significant interest due to the low cost and greatavailability of such wastes, which actually are underused and cause significant environmental problemsfor improper storage. In addition, the development of economic biocatalysts more sustainable, besidesreduce environmental impacts, improve the application of enzymatic technology in industry. Therefore,the enzyme immobilization reaction and the application of biocatalysts are reviewed and discussed.