Quantification of HIV-DNA and residual viremia in patients starting ART by droplet digital PCR: Their dynamic decay and correlations with immunological parameters and virological success

Background: Accurate quantification of total HIV-DNA and residual-viremia by sensitive assays is extremely useful to optimize monitoring of ART-treated patients.Objectives: To evaluate the performances of two ddPCR-based assays for HIV-DNA and residual-viremia quantification, and the correlations of pre-ART HIV-DNA with plasma HIV-RNA, CD4 + T, CD4/CD8 and virological-success (VS) during first-line ART.Study design: Plasma HIV-RNA, total HIV-DNA, CD4 + T, CD4/CD8 were evaluated at baseline of ART, at VS (viral-load < 50copies/ml), and at 6 months after VS (6moVS) in 57 newly-diagnosed HIV-1 infected patients, receiving first-line modern ART. HIV-DNA (log10 copies/106CD4 + T) and residual-viremia (copies/ml) were measured with in-house ddPCR assays. Correlations were assessed by Spearman and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests.Results: HIV-DNA and residual-viremia assays showed a good linear trend between the expected and obtained values (R2 = 0.9913 and 0.9945); lower limits of detection were 32 copies/106CD4 + T and 2 copies/ml, respectively. At baseline, median (IQR) plasma HIV-RNA and HIV-DNA were 4.88(4.28-5.36) log10 copies/ml and 4.00(3.36-4.51) log10 copies/106CD4 + T cells. Residual-viremia was 8(2-26) and 4(2-12) copies/ml at VS and 6moVS. Pre-ART HIV-DNA positively correlated with plasma HIV-RNA at BL (Rho = 0.708, p < 0.001), and with residual-viremia at VS (Rho: 0.383, p = 0.002). Notably, higher HIV-DNA correlated with longer time to achieve VS (median[IQR], weeks: 17.8[12.3-29.0] for HIV-DNA >= 4.5 vs. 7.4[4.1-8.7] for HIV-DNA < 4.5, p < 0.001). Furthermore, pre-ART HIV-DNA negatively correlated with CD4 + T and CD4/CD8 at baseline, VS and 6moVS.Conclusions: Our results support the adoption of ddPCR-based assays for both HIV-DNA and residual-viremia quantifications and corroborate that pre-ART HIV-DNA is an excellent indicator in predicting viroimmunological response and VS in patients starting ART.