Population protocols with faulty interactions: The impact of a leader

We consider the problem of simulating traditional population protocols under weaker models of communication, which include one-pway interactions (as opposed to two-pway interactions) and omission faults (i.e., failure by an agent to read its partner's state during an interaction), which in turn may be detectable or undetectable. We focus on the impact of a leader, and we give a complete characterization of the models in which the presence of a unique leader in the system allows the construction of simulators: when simulations are possible, we give explicit protocols; when they are not, we give proofs of impossibility. Specifically, if each agent has only a finite amount of memory, the simulation is possible only if there are no omission faults. If agents have an unbounded amount of memory, the simulation is possible as long as omissions are detectable. If an upper bound on the number of omissions involving the leader is known, the simulation is always possible, except in the one-pway model in which one side is unable to detect the interaction.