Exosomes, nanosized vesicles of endosomal origin, are worldwide recognized for their ability to transfer biological molecules, from cell to cell, crucial for both physiological and pathological processes. Hundred studies have been focused on exosome application also to clinics although biogenesis modalities are under investigation. Therefore, we set up a new effective fluorescent labelling strategy to trace exosome biogenesis and release with the aim to seek in human melanoma cell lines the impact that tumor progression may exert on their secretion and composition. Cells exposed to a fluorescent analogue of palmitic acid (Bodipy FL C16) were able to promptly synthetize fluorescent phospholipids, constituents of exosome membrane bilayer. Afterwards, we were able to follow exosome biogenesis from the intracellular sites of origin to cell secretion, chasing over time by direct cytofluorimetric analysis. To get insight into their function, we focused our studies on exosomes derived from melanoma cells maintained at low pH, which is a microenvironmental leverage for primary tumor to be transformed into widespread metastasis. When melanoma cells at specific intermediate stage were subjected to an acidic microenvironment, showed an increase in exosome release and transfer capability. Most importantly, when control melanoma cells were incubated with exosomes secreted in acidic medium acquired migratory and invasive capacities, demonstrating that exosomes carrying molecular payload can modify recipient cell program. Finally, meta-analysis and ex vivo studies confirmed the importance of acidic exosomes molecule content as marker of melanoma progression and so exosomes prognostic and diagnostic value.
Gli esosomi sono nanovescicole di origine endosomiale, che rappresentano un mezzo importante di comunicazione cellula-cellula. Essendo coinvolti in diversi tipi di processi, sia fisiologici che patologici, sono diventati oggetto di sperimentazione clinica, nonostante molti meccanismi alla base della loro biogenesi rimangono tuttora sconosciuti. Quindi nel nostro laboratorio è stata messa a punto una metodica atta a produrre esosomi fluorescenti, in modo da poterne seguire la biogenesi nei diversi compartimenti intracellulari, il rilascio nell’ambiente extracellulare e la fusione con la membrana delle cellule riceventi. È stato quindi studiato, in un modello cellulare di melanoma umano, come questo precursore lipidico fluorescente è assorbito dalla cellula, accumulato all’interno del reticolo endoplasmatico, per poi diventare parte integrante della membrana degli esosomi. Queste nanovescicole fluorescenti sono state caratterizzate per dimensione, densità e presenza di marcatori proteici e successivamente è stata studiata con esperimenti di cinetica (5min – 24h) la secrezione. In seguito tale metodica è stata applicata allo studio della progressione del melanoma in condizioni di acidità microambientale. Nel melanoma è già noto che il pH microambientale è in grado di promuovere invasione e migrazione cellulare, e in questa tesi abbiamo analizzato il ruolo degli esosomi in tali processi. Quindi abbiamo studiato come cellule di melanoma umano, corrispondente a uno stadio intermedio, coltivate in ambiente acido producano una maggior quantità di esosomi, con un’aumentata capacità di trasferimento in cellule bersaglio. Inoltre queste vescicole presentano un profilo proteico che permette alle cellule riceventi di acquisire capacità migratorie e invasive. Infine, attraverso studi di meta-analisi ed ex vivo su biopsie di pazienti, è stato confermato che le molecole arricchite negli esosomi secreti in condizioni di acidità possano rappresentare dei marcatori della progressione del melanoma, convalidando quindi il valore diagnostico e prognostico degli esosomi.
A new cell labelling strategy to study the biogenesis of exosomes and their role in human melanoma progression driven by microenvironmental acidic pH / Boussadia, Zaira. - (2019 Feb 07).
A new cell labelling strategy to study the biogenesis of exosomes and their role in human melanoma progression driven by microenvironmental acidic pH
BOUSSADIA, ZAIRA
07/02/2019
Abstract
Exosomes, nanosized vesicles of endosomal origin, are worldwide recognized for their ability to transfer biological molecules, from cell to cell, crucial for both physiological and pathological processes. Hundred studies have been focused on exosome application also to clinics although biogenesis modalities are under investigation. Therefore, we set up a new effective fluorescent labelling strategy to trace exosome biogenesis and release with the aim to seek in human melanoma cell lines the impact that tumor progression may exert on their secretion and composition. Cells exposed to a fluorescent analogue of palmitic acid (Bodipy FL C16) were able to promptly synthetize fluorescent phospholipids, constituents of exosome membrane bilayer. Afterwards, we were able to follow exosome biogenesis from the intracellular sites of origin to cell secretion, chasing over time by direct cytofluorimetric analysis. To get insight into their function, we focused our studies on exosomes derived from melanoma cells maintained at low pH, which is a microenvironmental leverage for primary tumor to be transformed into widespread metastasis. When melanoma cells at specific intermediate stage were subjected to an acidic microenvironment, showed an increase in exosome release and transfer capability. Most importantly, when control melanoma cells were incubated with exosomes secreted in acidic medium acquired migratory and invasive capacities, demonstrating that exosomes carrying molecular payload can modify recipient cell program. Finally, meta-analysis and ex vivo studies confirmed the importance of acidic exosomes molecule content as marker of melanoma progression and so exosomes prognostic and diagnostic value.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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