Prospective, multicenter randomized GITMO/IIL trial comparing intensive (R-HDS) versus conventional (CHOP-R) chemoimmunotherapy in high-risk follicular lymphoma at diagnosis: the superior disease control of R-HDS does not translate into an overall survival advantage.

In this randomized multicenter study of 136 patients, 6 courses of CHOP (cyclophosphamide/ doxorubicin/vincristine/prednisone) followed by rituximab (CHOP-R) were compared with rituximabsupplemented high-dose sequential chemotherapy with autografting (R-HDS) to assess the value of intensified chemotherapy as a first-line treatment for highrisk follicular lymphoma (FL) after the introduction of monoclonal antibodies. The analysis was intention to treat with event-free survival (EFS) as the primary endpoint. Complete remission (CR) was 62% with CHOP-R and 85% with R-HDS (P .001). At a median follow-up (MFU) of 51 months, the 4-year EFS was 28% and 61%, respectively (P .001), with no difference in overall survival (OS). Molecular remission (MR) was achieved in 44% of CHOP-R and 80% of R-HDS patients (P .001), and was the strongest independent outcome predictor. Patients relapsing after CHOP-R underwent salvage R-HDS in 71% of cases. Salvage R-HDS had an 85% CR rate and a 68% 3-year EFS (MFU, 30 months). We conclude that (1) achieving MR is critical for effective disease control, regardless of which treatment is used; (2) R-HDS ensures superior disease control and molecular outcome than CHOP-R, but no OS improvement; and (3) CHOP-R failures have a good outcome after salvage R-HDS, suggesting that relapsed/refractory FL could be the most appropriate setting for R-HDS–like treatments. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as no. NCT00435955.