AMNIOTIC FLUID INSULIN AND C-PEPTIDE IN EARLY PREGNANCY OF DIABETIC AND NON-DIABETIC WOMEN.

Thanks to the widespread use of amniocentesis, glucose, insulin, and C peptide have often been measured in amniotic fluid (AF) during late gestation, but little is known about their concentrations during early pregnancy. To better understand early fetal β-cell function under normal conditions and in the presence of maternal diabetes, we measured glucose, insulin, and C peptide in the AF collected during weeks 15-22 in 77 healthy and 9 diabetic women undergoing amniocentesis for clinical indications and compared the results with those obtained during late pregnancy (weeks 34- 36). The AF C peptide concentration was higher in diabetic women (102 ± 53 vs. 38 ± 2 pmol/L), in the women with a family history of diabetes (41 ± 6 vs. 35 ± 2 pmol/L), after the 19th week of gestation (46 ± 5 vs. 35 ± 2 pmol/L; in the presence of lower glucose concentrations), and in the presence of maternal plasma glucose levels greater than 5.56 mmol/L (42 ± 3.5 vs. 34 ± 2 pmol/L). The comparison between early and late gestation showed decreasing glucose and increasing C peptide concentrations in both healthy and diabetic women (in the latter, C peptide values were always 3 times higher), whereas the insulin concentration was increased in late gestation only in diabetic women. The AF C peptide/insulin molar ratio increased throughout pregnancy in both healthy (from 0.97 ± 0.06 to 4.3 ± 1.2) and diabetic (from 2.9 ± 1.1 to 13.2 ± 1.6) women. These parallel changes suggest that the fetal clearance and/or degradation of insulin and C peptide may greatly change during both normal and diabetic gestation.