Recent functional neuroimaging studies show that the amygdala has a central role in threat evaluation, in response to conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, in fear learning and fear extinction. The amygdala is involved in the pathophysiology of phobias and anxiety. In this review we critically examine the main findings of functional neuroimaging studies reporting data on the amygdala. Findings suggest that the response of the amygdala to threatening stimuli is mainly modulated by the infralimbic and prefrontal cortices, which inhibit activation of the amygdala (top-down inhibition), and by the hippocampus, the function of which is related to stimulus learning. The activity of the amygdala is modulated by various factors, like stimulus type and origin, emotion triggered by stimulus perception, and attention. The neural network comprising the amygdala and the frontal cortex is involved not only in top-down inhibition, but also in the emotional perception of facial expressions. This network also includes the thalamic pulvinar, which is densely interconnected with the amygdala, directly or indirectly, and which is activated by emotional face recognition of scary fear. Both top-down inhibition mechanisms and emotional face recognition are altered in anxiety disorders, particularly in specific and social phobia, resulting in reduced amygdalar activity inhibition after anxiety - or fear - inducing stimulus perception. Future functional neuroimaging studies will be able to provide new insights of normal and altered neurophysiology of the amygdala.
I recenti studi di neuroimaging funzionale dimostrano che l’amigdala ha una funzione fondamentale nella va- lutazione dei pericoli, nella risposta a stimoli condizionati e non condizionati, così come in altre forme associative di appren- dimento di stimoli potenzialmente pericolosi come l’apprendimento e l’estinzione della paura. Essa è implicata nella fisiopa- tologia delle fobie e dell’ansia. In questa rassegna sono raccolti i principali dati riguardanti l’amigdala ottenuti attraverso gli studi di neuroimaging funzionale. Secondo tali dati, la risposta dell’amigdala agli stimoli minacciosi è modulata principalmen- te dalla corteccia infralimbica e prefrontale, che ne inibisce l’attivazione (top-down inhibition), e dall’ippocampo, la cui fun- zione è legata all’apprendimento degli stimoli. L’attività dell’amigdala è modulata da diversi fattori, tra cui la tipologia dello stimolo, la sua provenienza, l’emotività scatenata dalla percezione e i livelli di attenzione. Il network neuronale tra amigdala e corteccia frontale è implicato non solo nella top-down inhibition, ma anche nella percezione delle espressioni facciali. In ta- le rete rientra anche il pulvinar del talamo, attraverso le sue numerose connessioni dirette e indirette con l’amigdala, attivo nel riconoscimento delle espressioni facciali di spavento. Sia i meccanismi di top-down inhibition sia il riconoscimento delle espressioni facciali sono alterati nei disturbi d’ansia, in particolar modo nella fobia specifica e nella fobia sociale, il che com- porta una ridotta inibizione dell’attività dell’amigdala dopo la percezione di uno stimolo ansiogeno o inducente spavento. I futuri studi di neuroimaging funzionale potranno fornire nuove conoscenze sull’attività fisiologica e sulle alterazioni neuro- fisiopatologiche dell’amigdala.
Functional neuroimaging of the amygdala: the response to threatening and phobogenic stimuli / Del Casale, Antonio; Ferracuti, Stefano; Rapinesi, Chiara; Serata, Daniele; Simonetti, Alessio; Caloro, Matteo; Caltagirone, SAVERIO SIMONE; Brugnoli, Chiara; Kotzalidis, Giorgio D; Tatarelli, Roberto; Girardi, Paolo. - In: RIVISTA DI PSICHIATRIA. - ISSN 0035-6484. - STAMPA. - 48:1(2013), pp. 1-8. [10.1708/1228.13613]
Functional neuroimaging of the amygdala: the response to threatening and phobogenic stimuli
Del Casale, Antonio;Ferracuti, Stefano;Rapinesi, Chiara;SERATA, DANIELE;SIMONETTI, ALESSIO;CALORO, MATTEO;CALTAGIRONE, SAVERIO SIMONE;Tatarelli, Roberto;Girardi, Paolo
2013
Abstract
Recent functional neuroimaging studies show that the amygdala has a central role in threat evaluation, in response to conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, in fear learning and fear extinction. The amygdala is involved in the pathophysiology of phobias and anxiety. In this review we critically examine the main findings of functional neuroimaging studies reporting data on the amygdala. Findings suggest that the response of the amygdala to threatening stimuli is mainly modulated by the infralimbic and prefrontal cortices, which inhibit activation of the amygdala (top-down inhibition), and by the hippocampus, the function of which is related to stimulus learning. The activity of the amygdala is modulated by various factors, like stimulus type and origin, emotion triggered by stimulus perception, and attention. The neural network comprising the amygdala and the frontal cortex is involved not only in top-down inhibition, but also in the emotional perception of facial expressions. This network also includes the thalamic pulvinar, which is densely interconnected with the amygdala, directly or indirectly, and which is activated by emotional face recognition of scary fear. Both top-down inhibition mechanisms and emotional face recognition are altered in anxiety disorders, particularly in specific and social phobia, resulting in reduced amygdalar activity inhibition after anxiety - or fear - inducing stimulus perception. Future functional neuroimaging studies will be able to provide new insights of normal and altered neurophysiology of the amygdala.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.