European scientists for the atomic bomb: from Europe to Hiroshima, making and usage Col. G. di F. Marco Valli matr. 375713 ABSTRACT (English version) The dissertation” “European scientists for the atomic bomb: from Europe to Hiroshima, making and usage” tackles the issue of the pacifist European scientists who presumably were forced by circumstances to work at the atomic bomb, as well as the consequent alleged American responsibility for the massacres at Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the moral condemnation of the American generals “who are reputed to have butchered innocent civilians”. The dissertation practices and interdisciplinary approach on multiple levels: technological, historical, political, and military. The first level, developed in Chapters 1 (“Prometheus”) and 2 (“Doctor Frankenstein”), begins with the religious-philosophical background and ends with the technique applied to bombs. Since these topics are still partly classified, only published or declassified sources have been used: e.g., the “Notes based on five lectures held by Serber in the first weeks of April 1943 as instruction course related to the beginning of the Los Alamos project, transcribed by E.U. Condon” or the document issued on the Manhattan Project by the United States Department on Energy. The second level, examined in Chapters 3 (“Professor Frankenstin”) and 4 (“Doctor Strangelove), is connected with the first level and highlights the transformation of European scientists from researchers working for the sake of sciences into scientific consultants of the highest level and naturalized Americans serving belligerent countries and, later, industrial-military complexes. In order to show this process, references from famous movies are used (James Whale’s “Frankenstein, of 1931; Mel Brooks’ “Frankenstein Junior”, of 1974; and Stanley Kubrick’s “Dr. Strangelove”, of 1962). The third level, dealt with in Chapters 4 and 5 (“Questions and Answers”), concerns the complex forced alliance between Western democracies and Stalin’s Soviet Union, the beginning of the Cold War during the still ongoing World War, and Russian and American atomic plans. Within this context, a comparison to the current situation in North Corea is developed.(“Corea today”) The fourth level examines the strictly military aspects, as well as the conditions of populations that became victims of a war transformed into extermination. Particular emphasis is placed on the anomaly of a winner-to-be (the US) who longs for peace and fears to be forced to a cease-fire with Japan. In turn, Japan has stopped fighting for victory, but continues the war only to inflict as many losses as possible to the enemy, in order to reach peace. In this paradoxical situation, only the American generals, unjustly defined as “butchers”, keep a clear vision: they advise against using the atomic bomb, support the plan of leaving the Emperor on his throne, and refuse to take revenge of the defeated enemy. Instead, they help the enemy and transform a beaten hostile country into a thriving ally. It is not by chance that the protagonists of the material and moral reconstruction of freedom and democracy in Japan and Europe are General McArthur (Japan’s military governor) and General Marshall (U.S. Secretary of State and author of the homonymous plan). Conversely, the development of theories such as “First Strike”, “Danish Hypothesis”, and “Dead Hand”, where victims are just numbers to establish who has won or has not lost, is due to scientists and intellectuals, some of which naturalized Americans from Europe. Stanley Kubrick offers an excellent and provocative satire of them through Peter Sellers. Indeed, the character “bearing the unpronounceable German name ‘Dr. Merkwürdigliebe,’ changed into ‘Strangelove’ with the acquisition of American citizenship,” represents the most important Americanized European scientists: Von Neumann (for the wheelchair), Teller (for the way of speaking, which is similar to that of a well-known photographer, Arthur Fellig, who was in the movie studio), Szilard (for the theory that elected men should be saved in caves), Wigner (for the injured hand), Fermi (for the slide rule) and, finally, Von Braun (for the blond hair – although the movie is in black and white -- and the final sentence: “Mein Führer, I can walk!”). After a quotation from General Eisenhover about military expences, the dissertation ends with a double effective sentence: “If it is true that ‘war is too serious a matter to leave it in the hands of generals’ (George Clemenceau, called “The Tiger”), nuclear war is too serious a matter to leave it in the hands of intellectuals”.

Scienziati europei per la bomba atomica: dall’Europa ad Hiroshima, realizzazione ed uso Col. G. di F. Marco Valli matr. 375713 ABSTRACT (versione in Italiano) La tesi “Scienziati europei per la bomba atomica: dall’Europa ad Hiroshima, realizzazione ed uso” discute la questione degli scienziati europei pacifisti, costretti dalle circostanze a lavorare per l’atomica con la conseguente presunta “colpa americana” per le stragi di Hiroshima e Nagasaki con la condanna morale dei “generali americani macellai di civili innocenti”. La tesi si sviluppa in senso interdisciplinare su più livelli: tecnologico, storico, politico e militare Il primo, sviluppato nel I (Prometeo) e II capitolo (Il Dottor Frankenstein) partendo dagli inizi filosofico-religiosi, si estende fino alla tecnica degli ordigni. Per questa ragione , trattando di argomenti ancora in parte segreti, le fonti sono obbligatoriamente già pubblicate o desegretate quali ad esempio le allegate ” Note basate su una serie di cinque lezioni tenute da Serber durante le prime due settimane di aprile 1943 come corso di indottrinamento in connessione con l’inizio del Progetto a Los Alamos . Trascritte da E.U. Condon” o il documento del l’United States Department of Energy sul Progetto Manhattan . Il secondo, trattato nel III (Il professor Frankenstin) e IV capitolo (Il Dottor Strangelove) si intreccia con il primo ed evidenzia la trasformazione degli scienziati europei da ricercatori puri al servizio della scienza a naturalizzati americani consulenti scientifici di altissimo livello a servizio di stati belligeranti e poi di complessi industriali-militari Per evidenziare la trasformazione si utilizza un parallelismo cinematografico con riferimenti a famosi film (Frankenstein di James Whale del 1931, Frankenstein Junior di Mel Brooks del 1974 , Dr Strangelove di Stanley Kubrick del 1962). Il terzo, curato nel IV e V capitolo (Domande e risposte), espone la complessità dell’alleanza forzata tra stati democratici e la Russia sovietica di Stalin e la nascita della guerra fredda durante la caldissima seconda guerra mondiale ed i rispettivi programmi atomici. In tale contesto viene sviluppato un paragone con l’attuale situazione nordcoreana Il quarto, espresso nel V capitolo, sviscera non solo gli aspetti strettamente militari, ma anche umanitari delle popolazioni vittime di una guerra divenuta di sterminio. Si evidenzia in particolare l’anomalia di un quasi vincitore, (gli USA) ansioso di pace, che teme di essere costretto ad un armistizio con il Giappone che non combatte più per vincere ma per infliggere le maggiori perdite possibile al fine di raggiungere anche lui la pace. Ambedue vogliono la pace e per questo si massacrano. In questa assurdità gli unici che ragionano sono i militari americani, a torto definiti macellai, che sconsigliano di utilizzare l’atomica, inducono a lasciare l’imperatore al suo posto, non si vendicano del nemico sconfitto ma lo aiutano e trasformano una nazione nemica stremata in alleata fiorente. Non a caso nella ricostruzione materiale e morale e della libertà e democrazia del Giappone e dell’Europa i protagonisti sono il generale MacArthur (Governatore Militare del Giappone) e il Gen Marshall (Segretario di stato USA)con l’omonimo piano. Invece lo sviluppo di teorie di “First strike”, “ipotesi Danese”, la “Dead hand”, dove le vittime sono solo numeri per stabilire chi ha vinto o chi non ha perso, è dovuto agli scienziati ed agli intellettuali anche europei naturalizzati americani di cui Stanley Kubrick ha fatto una splendida ,provocatoria e dissacrante satira con Peter Sellers. Infatti il personaggio, “dall’impronunciabile cognome tedesco Dr Merkwürkdigliebe cambiato all’atto della acquisizione della cittadinanza americana in Strangelove”, rappresenta i principali scienziati atomici europei americanizzati: Von Neumann (per la carrozzella), Teller (per il modo di parlare simile anche ad un noto fotografo Arthur Fellig presente sulla scena), Szilard (per le teorie di eletti da salvare nelle caverne), Wigner (per la mano offesa), Fermi (per il regolo calcolatore) e “dulcis in fundo”….Von Braun (per i capelli biondi -- anche se il film è in bianco e nero -- e per la frase finale “Mein Führer I can walk!”). Dopo una citazione del Generale Eisenhower circa le spese militari, la tesi si conclude con una doppia frase ad effetto: se:“La guerra è una cosa troppo seria per lasciarla in mano ai generali” (George Clemenceau detto “la tigre”), allora: “la guerra nucleare è una cosa troppo seria per lasciarla in mano agli intellettuali”.

Scienziati europei per la bomba atomica: dall'Europa ad Hiroshima. Realizzazione ed uso / Valli, Marco. - (2018 Feb 22).

Scienziati europei per la bomba atomica: dall'Europa ad Hiroshima. Realizzazione ed uso

VALLI, MARCO
22/02/2018

Abstract

European scientists for the atomic bomb: from Europe to Hiroshima, making and usage Col. G. di F. Marco Valli matr. 375713 ABSTRACT (English version) The dissertation” “European scientists for the atomic bomb: from Europe to Hiroshima, making and usage” tackles the issue of the pacifist European scientists who presumably were forced by circumstances to work at the atomic bomb, as well as the consequent alleged American responsibility for the massacres at Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the moral condemnation of the American generals “who are reputed to have butchered innocent civilians”. The dissertation practices and interdisciplinary approach on multiple levels: technological, historical, political, and military. The first level, developed in Chapters 1 (“Prometheus”) and 2 (“Doctor Frankenstein”), begins with the religious-philosophical background and ends with the technique applied to bombs. Since these topics are still partly classified, only published or declassified sources have been used: e.g., the “Notes based on five lectures held by Serber in the first weeks of April 1943 as instruction course related to the beginning of the Los Alamos project, transcribed by E.U. Condon” or the document issued on the Manhattan Project by the United States Department on Energy. The second level, examined in Chapters 3 (“Professor Frankenstin”) and 4 (“Doctor Strangelove), is connected with the first level and highlights the transformation of European scientists from researchers working for the sake of sciences into scientific consultants of the highest level and naturalized Americans serving belligerent countries and, later, industrial-military complexes. In order to show this process, references from famous movies are used (James Whale’s “Frankenstein, of 1931; Mel Brooks’ “Frankenstein Junior”, of 1974; and Stanley Kubrick’s “Dr. Strangelove”, of 1962). The third level, dealt with in Chapters 4 and 5 (“Questions and Answers”), concerns the complex forced alliance between Western democracies and Stalin’s Soviet Union, the beginning of the Cold War during the still ongoing World War, and Russian and American atomic plans. Within this context, a comparison to the current situation in North Corea is developed.(“Corea today”) The fourth level examines the strictly military aspects, as well as the conditions of populations that became victims of a war transformed into extermination. Particular emphasis is placed on the anomaly of a winner-to-be (the US) who longs for peace and fears to be forced to a cease-fire with Japan. In turn, Japan has stopped fighting for victory, but continues the war only to inflict as many losses as possible to the enemy, in order to reach peace. In this paradoxical situation, only the American generals, unjustly defined as “butchers”, keep a clear vision: they advise against using the atomic bomb, support the plan of leaving the Emperor on his throne, and refuse to take revenge of the defeated enemy. Instead, they help the enemy and transform a beaten hostile country into a thriving ally. It is not by chance that the protagonists of the material and moral reconstruction of freedom and democracy in Japan and Europe are General McArthur (Japan’s military governor) and General Marshall (U.S. Secretary of State and author of the homonymous plan). Conversely, the development of theories such as “First Strike”, “Danish Hypothesis”, and “Dead Hand”, where victims are just numbers to establish who has won or has not lost, is due to scientists and intellectuals, some of which naturalized Americans from Europe. Stanley Kubrick offers an excellent and provocative satire of them through Peter Sellers. Indeed, the character “bearing the unpronounceable German name ‘Dr. Merkwürdigliebe,’ changed into ‘Strangelove’ with the acquisition of American citizenship,” represents the most important Americanized European scientists: Von Neumann (for the wheelchair), Teller (for the way of speaking, which is similar to that of a well-known photographer, Arthur Fellig, who was in the movie studio), Szilard (for the theory that elected men should be saved in caves), Wigner (for the injured hand), Fermi (for the slide rule) and, finally, Von Braun (for the blond hair – although the movie is in black and white -- and the final sentence: “Mein Führer, I can walk!”). After a quotation from General Eisenhover about military expences, the dissertation ends with a double effective sentence: “If it is true that ‘war is too serious a matter to leave it in the hands of generals’ (George Clemenceau, called “The Tiger”), nuclear war is too serious a matter to leave it in the hands of intellectuals”.
22-feb-2018
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Tesi dottorato Valli

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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11573/1080634
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