Molecular, cellular and pharmaceutical aspects of bone grafting materials and membranes during maxillary sinus-lift procedures. part 2. detailed characteristics of the materials

Various grafts or combination of bone substitute materials have been used in sinus lift procedures. Currently, ongoing developments in several disciplines, from molecular biology and chemistry to computer science and engineering, have contributed to the understanding of biological processes leading to bone healing after the use of bone substitute materials (BSBs) and therefore of the behavior of BSBs. The understanding of the properties of each graft enables individual treatment concepts and therefore allows shift from a simple replacement material to the modern concept of an individually created composite biomaterial. Indeed, the choice of the best BSB still remains crucial for success in maxillary sinus augmentation procedures. The present article provides an overview of most of the materials currently available for sinus lift, with a specific focus on their histological, molecular, cellular and pharmaceutical aspects.