This paper aims to contribute to the research field on the relationship between migrations and institutions (Eichengreen, Torben 1999), with particular reference to the Italian labor market. There are several factors that contribute to producing the different levels of success in favoring the integration into the receiving society of those who are not part of it: from cohesion to social composition, from selection to departure and corporate reception (Ambrosini 2001). Migration networks often promote the entry of members into the labor market, but within weakly qualified niches where they are able to control placement. Migration networks are very differentiated: it is necessary to distinguish between informal and formal aggregations. The former are based on clanics and are socially discriminated and resource-poor; the latter are more socially composite, with a certain amount of human capital and are favored by an older settlement or by greater acceptance. In particular, the latter manage to acquire autonomous institutions that in turn encourage integration processes in which economic and social mobility does not coincide with complete assimilation, but with the maintenance of more or less marked cultural specificities. The maintenance of forms of belonging and of a distinct ethnic identity in an incessant combination of elements drawn from the society of origin and others learned in the settlement society, can prove to be effective in responding to various needs of the people (Thomas, 1997 [1921]) . This involves a careful analysis of the importance that institutions play in attracting or assimilating migratory flows within individual host countries, in involving migrants, through a particular institution, such as the ethnic one, in processes of "specialization" in the labor market, and (less frequently) residential segregation in urban areas; they can meet on special occasions, they can give life to associations, they can get to have representative leaders and meeting places. From this point of view, migratory networks must also be analyzed in relation to their degree of institutionalization: they can in fact range from completely informal and unstructured forms of aggregation, to a rich endowment of their own institutions, which in turn promote opportunities for mutual recognition. and processes of "ethnic" identification through the reproduction / re-elaboration of the cultural identity of migrants. The presence of a substantial international immigration that is most often poorly qualified and therefore also poorly integrated both from an economic and social point of view, can be a factor in the widening of inequalities within national and regional contexts in which settled. This inevitably produces great effects on human capital with consequent effects on the development of the European regional areas affected by the phenomenon.
Il presente paper vuole contribuire al filone di ricerca sul rapporto tra migrazioni e istituzioni (Eichengreen, Torben 1999), con particolare riferimento al mercato del lavoro italiano. Sono diversi i fattori che contribuiscono a produrre i differenti livelli di successo nel favorire l’integrazione nella società ricevente di coloro che non ne fanno parte: dalla coesione alla composizione sociale, dalla selezione alla partenza e alla ricezione societale (Ambrosini 2001). Le reti migratorie promuovono spesso l’ingresso dei membri nel mercato del lavoro, ma all’interno di nicchie debolmente qualificate dove sono in grado di controllare il collocamento. Le reti migratorie sono molto differenziate: occorre distinguere tra aggregazioni informali e formali. Le prime sono a base clanica e sono socialmente discriminate e povere di risorse; le seconde sono più composite socialmente, con una certa dotazione di capitale umano e sono favorite da un insediamento più antico o da una maggiore accettazione. In particolare queste ultime riescono a dotarsi di istituzioni autonome che a loro volta favoriscono processi di integrazione in cui la mobilità economica e sociale non coincide con l’assimilazione completa, ma con il mantenimento di specificità culturali più o meno spiccate. Il mantenimento di forme di appartenenza e di un’identità etnica distinta in una incessante combinazione tra elementi attinti dalla società di provenienza e altri appresi nella società di insediamento, può rivelarsi efficace nel rispondere a svariate esigenze delle persone (Thomas, 1997 [1921]). Ciò comporta un’attenta analisi sull’importanza che le istituzioni giocano per attrarre o assimilare le correnti migratorie all’interno dei singoli Paesi di accoglienza, nel coinvolgere i migranti, attraverso una particolare istituzione, come quella etnica, in processi di “specializzazione“ nel mercato del lavoro, e (meno frequentemente) di segregazione residenziale in ambito urbano; possono ritrovarsi in particolari occasioni, possono dar vita ad associazioni, possono arrivare a dotarsi di leader rappresentativi e luoghi di incontro. Sotto questo aspetto, anche le reti migratorie vanno poi analizzate in rapporto al loro grado di istituzionalizzazione: possono infatti spaziare da forme di aggregazione del tutto informali e destrutturate, fino ad una ricca dotazione di istituzioni proprie, che a loro volta promuovono occasioni di mutuo riconoscimento e processi di identificazione “etnica” attraverso la riproduzione/rielaborazione dell’identità culturale dei migranti. La presenza di una consistente immigrazione internazionale che si presenta il più delle volte scarsamente qualificata e di conseguenza anche scarsamente integrata sia dal punto di vista economico che sociale, può costituire un fattore di allargamento delle ineguaglianze all’interno dei contesti nazionali e regionali nei quali si insediano. Ciò, inevitabilmente, produce dei grandi effetti sul capitale umano con conseguenti ricadute sullo sviluppo delle aree regionali europee coinvolte dal fenomeno.
Migrazioni, istituzioni, mercato del lavoro e welfare / Strangio, Donatella. - STAMPA. - (2017), pp. 288-303.
Migrazioni, istituzioni, mercato del lavoro e welfare
STRANGIO, Donatella
2017
Abstract
This paper aims to contribute to the research field on the relationship between migrations and institutions (Eichengreen, Torben 1999), with particular reference to the Italian labor market. There are several factors that contribute to producing the different levels of success in favoring the integration into the receiving society of those who are not part of it: from cohesion to social composition, from selection to departure and corporate reception (Ambrosini 2001). Migration networks often promote the entry of members into the labor market, but within weakly qualified niches where they are able to control placement. Migration networks are very differentiated: it is necessary to distinguish between informal and formal aggregations. The former are based on clanics and are socially discriminated and resource-poor; the latter are more socially composite, with a certain amount of human capital and are favored by an older settlement or by greater acceptance. In particular, the latter manage to acquire autonomous institutions that in turn encourage integration processes in which economic and social mobility does not coincide with complete assimilation, but with the maintenance of more or less marked cultural specificities. The maintenance of forms of belonging and of a distinct ethnic identity in an incessant combination of elements drawn from the society of origin and others learned in the settlement society, can prove to be effective in responding to various needs of the people (Thomas, 1997 [1921]) . This involves a careful analysis of the importance that institutions play in attracting or assimilating migratory flows within individual host countries, in involving migrants, through a particular institution, such as the ethnic one, in processes of "specialization" in the labor market, and (less frequently) residential segregation in urban areas; they can meet on special occasions, they can give life to associations, they can get to have representative leaders and meeting places. From this point of view, migratory networks must also be analyzed in relation to their degree of institutionalization: they can in fact range from completely informal and unstructured forms of aggregation, to a rich endowment of their own institutions, which in turn promote opportunities for mutual recognition. and processes of "ethnic" identification through the reproduction / re-elaboration of the cultural identity of migrants. The presence of a substantial international immigration that is most often poorly qualified and therefore also poorly integrated both from an economic and social point of view, can be a factor in the widening of inequalities within national and regional contexts in which settled. This inevitably produces great effects on human capital with consequent effects on the development of the European regional areas affected by the phenomenon.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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