The text wants to witness the full participation of the social sciences to the history of science, in a development framework that provides for the reception in Europe of the reform of natural philosophy implemented by Francis Bacon in the seventeenth century and incorporated in the principle of induction by Auguste Comte in France and Herbert Spencer in England. The themes of the foundation of the sciences are central to the work of reconstruction of crucial events. The investigation of the nature of the empirical world by social man takes place through the centuries in the manner prescribed by the natural philosophy, where the ancient and medieval tradition left unresolved some problems of type finalist and vitalist. In the sixteenth century and especially in the seventeenth century we see some recovery of issues raised dall'atomismo and mechanism in conjunction with the decline of Aristotelian physics. In the century of Descartes, who rejected the atomism, the search for a theory of matter dominated the scene as well as that of the uniform rectilinear movement which created the state of rest of the body, as seen in the Principia philosophiae 1644 (published in French in 1647 ). The principle that knowledge derived only from the interpretation and commentary of ancient texts, under some form of principium potestatibus, was gradually replaced by a philosophy of history of the progress embodied in the field of scientific knowledge from the experimental method. The Scientific Revolution culminated in the application of this methodology in natural philosophy, in the life sciences (biology, anatomy, zoology, botany), in medicine and chemistry, physics (optics, magnetism, thermodynamics, electricity) as well as the findings of William Harvey on blood pressure, the pressure of the atmosphere of Evangelista Torricelli, Francesco Redi on living bodies and Isaac Newton on the nature of light. In particular, Newton was able to synthesize the tradition of English empiricism, which runs from Roger Bacon and William of Ockham to John Locke, his contemporary. The development context of the ideas of the Enlightenment and positivism in France marked the evolution in the West of the more mature reflection on the sciences and the social sciences in the various historical contexts concrete where natural philosophy could be interpreted in the light of new findings, which were to score, in turn, the moment incisor of a progressive action of man conducted on the nature itself and, so as to make it stand out, finally, the transition to the world of culture of progress. As is known, the idea of progress is the basis of many theories of society in the eighteenth century. For this, just even remember what Kant thought of 'Enlightenment when he said: "Enlightenment is man's emergence out of the minority that he should blame himself. Immaturity is the inability to use one's own understanding without the guidance of another. This minority is attributable to himself, if the cause is not a lack of intelligence, but by lack of determination and courage to use one's own understanding without guidance from another. Sapere Aude! Have courage to use your own intelligence. And 'this is the motto of the Enlightenment. "The same identification left by Auguste Comte in his Cours use of the term' positive 'was trying to explain how it was possible" to consider all phenomena as subject to natural laws and invariable, the discovery and reducing the minimum number of which is the goal of all our efforts, considering also as absolutely inaccessible and empty of meaning the search for what are called causes, and root causes that the final "(Cours de philosophie positive, I) . Before the new way of thinking and operating the fundamental themes of human nature circulated in conjunction with the dissemination of scientific knowledge, knowledge of those that had occurred then in the form of practical enlightenment, that is, a set of theoretical reasons and practices seen in relation to each other for the benefit of the social world around. Gradually also the issue of the representation of the phenomena of life is related to the development of new natural philosophy, taking into account the fact that science are reaching a stage positive and abstract and concrete (v. Herbert Spencer, The Classification of the Sciences). This would be enough to explain the link between science and the organic phenomena of life, that is the connection between philosophical and scientific development and progress of the natural and social.
Il testo vuole testimoniare della piena partecipazione delle scienze sociali alla storia delle scienze, in un quadro di sviluppo che prevede la ricezione in Europa della riforma della filosofia naturale attuata da Francesco Bacone nel XVII secolo e recepita nel principio dell’induzione da Auguste Comte in Francia e da Herbert Spencer in Inghilterra. I temi della fondazione delle scienze sono quindi al centro dell’opera di ricostruzione di eventi cruciali. L’investigazione della natura e del mondo empirico da parte dell’uomo sociale si svolge attraverso i secoli nei modi prescritti dalla filosofia naturale, laddove la tradizione antica e medioevale lasciava irrisolti alcuni problemi di tipo finalistico e vitalistico. Nel Cinquecento e soprattutto nel Seicento assistiamo ad una certa ripresa di tematiche suscitate dall’atomismo e dal meccanicismo in concomitanza del declino della fisica aristotelica. Nel secolo di Cartesio, che rifiutava l’atomismo, la ricerca di una teoria della materia dominò la scena nonché quella del movimento rettilineo uniforme che determinava lo stato di quiete dei corpi, come si nota nei Principia philosophiae del 1644 (pubblicati in francese nel 1647). Il principio che la conoscenza derivasse soltanto dall’interpretazione e dal commento dei testi antichi, sotto una certa forma di principium potestatibus, fu gradualmente sostituito da una filosofia della storia del progresso incarnata nell’ambito della conoscenza scientifica dal metodo sperimentale. La Rivoluzione scientifica culminò con l’applicazione di questa metodologia nella filosofia naturale, nelle scienze della vita (biologia, anatomia, zoologia, botanica), nella medicina e nella chimica, nella fisica (ottica, magnetismo, termologia, elettricità) nonché nella scoperte di William Harvey sulla pressione del sangue, di Evangelista Torricelli sulla pressione dell’atmosfera, Francesco Redi sui corpi viventi e Isaac Newton sulla natura della luce. In particolare, Newton seppe sintetizzare la tradizione dell’empirismo inglese, che va da Ruggero Bacone e Guglielmo di Ockham a John Locke, suo contemporaneo. Il contesto di sviluppo delle idee illuministiche e del positivismo in Francia segnò l’evolversi in Occidente della riflessione più matura sulle scienze e sulle scienze sociali nei vari contesti storico-concreti dove la filosofia naturale poté essere interpretata alla luce di nuove scoperte, le quali dovevano segnare, a loro volta, il momento incisivo di una azione progressiva dell’uomo condotta sulla natura stessa e, in modo tale da fare risaltare, infine, il passaggio al mondo della cultura del progresso. Come è noto, l’idea del progresso sta alla base di tante teorizzazioni della società a partire dal XVIII secolo. Per questo, basterà anche ricordare ciò che Kant pensasse dell’ Illuminismo quando affermava: “L’illuminismo è l'uscita dell'uomo dallo stato di minorità che egli deve imputare a se stesso. Minorità è l'incapacità di servirsi del proprio intelletto senza la guida di un altro. Questa minorità è imputabile a se stesso, se la causa non dipende dalla mancanza di intelligenza ma da mancanza di decisione e del coraggio di far uso del proprio intelletto senza essere guidati da un altro. Sapere aude! Abbi il coraggio di servirti della tua propria intelligenza. E' questo il motto dell'illuminismo.” La stessa identificazione data da Auguste Comte nel suo Cours all’uso del termine ‘positivo’ cercava di spiegare come si potesse “considerare tutti i fenomeni come assoggettati a leggi naturali ed invariabili, la scoperta e la riduzione al minor numero possibile delle quali è il fine di tutti i nostri sforzi, considerando inoltre come assolutamente inaccessibile e vuota di senso la ricerca di quelle che si chiamano cause, sia cause prime che quelle finali” ( Cours de philosophie positive, I ). Al cospetto del nuovo modo di pensare e di operare i temi fondanti dell’intervento umano sulla natura circolavano in concomitanza della diffusione dei saperi scientifici, di quei saperi che si erano manifestati quindi in forma di pratiche illuministiche, cioè di un insieme di ragioni teoriche e pratiche poste in relazione tra loro a beneficio del mondo sociale circostante. Gradualmente anche il tema della rappresentazione dei fenomeni della vita si rapporta allo sviluppo della nuova filosofia naturale, tenendo conto del fatto che le scienze raggiungono uno stadio positivo nonché astratto e concreto ( v. Herbert Spencer, The Classification of the Sciences). Ciò sarebbe sufficiente per spiegare il nesso esistente tra le scienze e i fenomeni vitali organici, cioè quel collegamento tra lo sviluppo filosofico e scientifico e il progresso dell’ambiente naturale e sociale.
Natura, cultura e induzione nell'età delle scienze. Fatti e idee del movimento scientifico in Francia e Inghilterra / Rinzivillo, Guglielmo. - STAMPA. - 1:(2015). [10.4458/4977]
Natura, cultura e induzione nell'età delle scienze. Fatti e idee del movimento scientifico in Francia e Inghilterra
RINZIVILLO, GUGLIELMO
2015
Abstract
The text wants to witness the full participation of the social sciences to the history of science, in a development framework that provides for the reception in Europe of the reform of natural philosophy implemented by Francis Bacon in the seventeenth century and incorporated in the principle of induction by Auguste Comte in France and Herbert Spencer in England. The themes of the foundation of the sciences are central to the work of reconstruction of crucial events. The investigation of the nature of the empirical world by social man takes place through the centuries in the manner prescribed by the natural philosophy, where the ancient and medieval tradition left unresolved some problems of type finalist and vitalist. In the sixteenth century and especially in the seventeenth century we see some recovery of issues raised dall'atomismo and mechanism in conjunction with the decline of Aristotelian physics. In the century of Descartes, who rejected the atomism, the search for a theory of matter dominated the scene as well as that of the uniform rectilinear movement which created the state of rest of the body, as seen in the Principia philosophiae 1644 (published in French in 1647 ). The principle that knowledge derived only from the interpretation and commentary of ancient texts, under some form of principium potestatibus, was gradually replaced by a philosophy of history of the progress embodied in the field of scientific knowledge from the experimental method. The Scientific Revolution culminated in the application of this methodology in natural philosophy, in the life sciences (biology, anatomy, zoology, botany), in medicine and chemistry, physics (optics, magnetism, thermodynamics, electricity) as well as the findings of William Harvey on blood pressure, the pressure of the atmosphere of Evangelista Torricelli, Francesco Redi on living bodies and Isaac Newton on the nature of light. In particular, Newton was able to synthesize the tradition of English empiricism, which runs from Roger Bacon and William of Ockham to John Locke, his contemporary. The development context of the ideas of the Enlightenment and positivism in France marked the evolution in the West of the more mature reflection on the sciences and the social sciences in the various historical contexts concrete where natural philosophy could be interpreted in the light of new findings, which were to score, in turn, the moment incisor of a progressive action of man conducted on the nature itself and, so as to make it stand out, finally, the transition to the world of culture of progress. As is known, the idea of progress is the basis of many theories of society in the eighteenth century. For this, just even remember what Kant thought of 'Enlightenment when he said: "Enlightenment is man's emergence out of the minority that he should blame himself. Immaturity is the inability to use one's own understanding without the guidance of another. This minority is attributable to himself, if the cause is not a lack of intelligence, but by lack of determination and courage to use one's own understanding without guidance from another. Sapere Aude! Have courage to use your own intelligence. And 'this is the motto of the Enlightenment. "The same identification left by Auguste Comte in his Cours use of the term' positive 'was trying to explain how it was possible" to consider all phenomena as subject to natural laws and invariable, the discovery and reducing the minimum number of which is the goal of all our efforts, considering also as absolutely inaccessible and empty of meaning the search for what are called causes, and root causes that the final "(Cours de philosophie positive, I) . Before the new way of thinking and operating the fundamental themes of human nature circulated in conjunction with the dissemination of scientific knowledge, knowledge of those that had occurred then in the form of practical enlightenment, that is, a set of theoretical reasons and practices seen in relation to each other for the benefit of the social world around. Gradually also the issue of the representation of the phenomena of life is related to the development of new natural philosophy, taking into account the fact that science are reaching a stage positive and abstract and concrete (v. Herbert Spencer, The Classification of the Sciences). This would be enough to explain the link between science and the organic phenomena of life, that is the connection between philosophical and scientific development and progress of the natural and social.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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