Debito pubblico e sistema fiscale a Roma e nello Stato pontificio tra ‘600 e ‘700,

Abstract: This paper will investigate the question of taxation in a very Particular area, the Papal States and Its capital Rome, which "bustled with embassies, cardinals' courts and noble old and new aristocratic families enjoying a very high standard of living That had serious Repercussions on all the social classes in the population. "Historiography That Has Generally shown Papal taxation served not only as a levy for revenue, but gradually Also Took on other political functions. Firstly, it was used to complete the integration of municipalities into the State by gradually removing Their autonomy in taxation and centralizing the bureaucratic, administrative and financial apparatus of the State (Helped by the creation of a permanent congregation and a series of Administrative Reforms). And Secondly, there it was used to Establish between the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries the principles to be applied in the levying of taxes That aspired to fiscal equity and were Helped by a stronger and more pervasive presence of the State through Congregation of the Good Government.As the financial needs of the State Grew for Both current and extraordinary expenses and for investments, so did the need to INCREASE fiscal revenue to pay for the public debt, Which from the early years of the 16th century had become a necessity for the papal administration. The public debt, together with the tax system, weighed heavily on the economy of the are and Therefore the Pope Became blackberries and more dependent on classes Those who were in a position to Provide him with capital. As a result, the papacy was obliged, Especially in the 18th century, to seek the support of the blackberries dynamic social groups to overcome the vacuum That Had Been created by the agreement with the nobility. These Reforms, some of Which Had Been Introduced first by Pope Benedict XIV, were to be made by Pope Pius VI and even blackberries energetically by Pope Pius Also VII.The paper will show how and to what extent the tax system influenced agricultural and food policies and the public debt in the Papal States.Sintesi: The proposed work aims to explore the theme of taxation starting from a particular area, the Papal States, and its capital, Rome, "the crossroads of embassies, courts of cardinals and families the old and the new aristocracy, who maintained a high standard of living, with cascading effects on all layers of the population. " Historiography, in general, has determined that the political function of papal taxation, as well as serve as receipts for revenue, over time acquired additional meanings. First, it was used to complete the integration of the municipalities with the state, gradually taking away their financial autonomy, centralizing and also in this way the bureaucratic administrative and financial state (aided by the creation of a stable and congregations series of administrative reforms), and secondly, to assert (in the late '600 and early '700) taxation principles inspired by the idea of ​​fairness in taxation, favored by a more extensive intervention of the state through the Congregation of the Good government. Increasing the financial needs of the state, both for current expenses and for extraordinary expenses, and investments, the need to increase tax revenues revealed itself more and more urgent for policy support of public debt that, since the first years of '500 had become indispensable tool for the papal organs. This, combined with the system of taxation, weighed increasingly on the economy of the state and then tied more and more to the pope those classes can provide the capital. And for this, particularly along the eighteenth century, the papacy will be engaged in seeking the necessary support from the most dynamic social groups also needs to fill the gap that the agreement with the nobility had caused the papal rule and

Abstract: This paper will investigate the question of taxation in a very particular area, the Papal States and its capital Rome, which “bustled with embassies, cardinals’ courts and old noble and new aristocratic families enjoying a very high standard of living that had serious repercussions on all the social classes in the population”. Historiography has generally shown that Papal taxation served not only as a levy for revenue, but also gradually took on other political functions. Firstly, it was used to complete the integration of municipalities into the State by gradually removing their autonomy in taxation and centralizing the bureaucratic, administrative and financial apparatus of the State (helped by the creation of a permanent congregation and a series of administrative reforms). And secondly, it was used to establish between the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries the principles to be applied in the levying of taxes that aspired to fiscal equity and were helped by a stronger and more pervasive presence of the State through the Congregation of Good Government. As the financial needs of the State grew for both current and extraordinary expenses and for investments, so did the need to increase fiscal revenue to pay for the public debt, which from the early years of the 16th century had become a necessity for the papal administration. The public debt, together with the tax system, weighed heavily on the economy of the state and therefore the Pope became more and more dependent on those classes who were in a position to provide him with capital. As a result, the papacy was obliged, especially in the 18th century, to seek the support of the more dynamic social groups to overcome the vacuum that had been created by the agreement with the nobility. These reforms, some of which had been first introduced by Pope Benedict XIV, were to be made by Pope Pius VI and even more energetically by Pope Pius VII. The paper will also show how and to what extent the tax system influenced agricultural and food policies and the public debt in the Papal States. Sintesi: Il lavoro proposto intende approfondire il tema della fiscalità partendo da un’area particolare, lo Stato pontificio, e dalla sua capitale, Roma, «crocevia di ambasciate, di corti cardinalizie e di famiglie della vecchia e della nuova aristocrazia, che mantenevano un tenore di vita elevato, con ripercussioni a cascata su tutti gli strati della popolazione». La storiografia, in generale, ha stabilito che la funzione politica della fiscalità pontificia, oltre che servire da gettito per le entrate, col tempo acquisì ulteriori significati. In primo luogo, venne utilizzata per completare l'integrazione dei comuni con lo Stato, togliendo loro gradualmente l'autonomia finanziaria, e accentrando anche per questa via l'apparato burocratico amministrativo e finanziario dello Stato (aiutato dalla creazione di stabili congregazioni e da una serie di riforme amministrative); in secondo luogo, per affermare (tra la fine del ’600 e l’inizio del ’700) principi impositivi ispirati all'idea di equità fiscale, favoriti da un intervento più capillare dello Stato attraverso la Congregazione del Buon Governo. Aumentando il fabbisogno finanziario dello Stato, sia per spese correnti che per spese straordinarie, e per investimenti, l'esigenza di accrescere il gettito fiscale si palesava sempre più impellente anche per sostenere la politica del debito pubblico che, fin dai primi anni del ’500, era divenuto strumento irrinunciabile per gli organi pontifici. Quest'ultimo, unito al sistema della tassazione, gravava sempre più sull'economia dello Stato e quindi legava sempre più il papa a quei ceti in grado di fornirgli i capitali. E per ciò, in particolare lungo il Settecento, il papato sarà impegnato nel ricercare gli appoggi necessari dai gruppi sociali più dinamici anche per colmarne il distacco che l'accordo con la nobiltà aveva causato al dominio pontificio e tali riforme, alcune delle quali intraprese da papa Benedetto XIV, troveranno una prima concreta applicazione con Pio VI ed una più attiva con Pio VII. In particolare, sarà evidenziato come e in che misura il sistema fiscale abbia influito sulla politica agricola e annonaria e su quella del debito pubblico.