The Next Frontier in Research on Rhythm Cognition and Rhythmic Communication

In this concluding chapter, we focus on outlining the next frontier in research on rhythm cognition and rhythmic communication (RCC), synthesising conceptual, methodological, comparative, and applied directions, as they emerge from the contributions to the Nature Beats volume. While consensus has grown regarding the composite nature of rhythmic competence and the need for integrated quantitative approaches, the field remains marked by conceptual heterogeneity and inconsistent operational criteria. To advance RCC research, the chapter identifies pressing needs for conceptual clarity, methodological standardisation, and ecologically grounded definitions of rhythmic phenomena across modalities and species. We also highlight future research trajectories for major theoretical frameworks, including the Vocal Learning–Beat Perception and Synchronisation hypothesis, Gradual Audiomotor Evolution hypothesis, Neural Resonance Theory, socio-ecological hypotheses of synchrony, and evolutionary accounts linking rhythm to social bonding and stress regulation. A bottom-up, species- specific, and comparative approach is advocated to capture the full structural and functional diversity of RCC and to evaluate mechanisms spanning neural oscillations and functional connectivity, biomechanics, development, reward systems, and environmental constraints. Finally, the chapter emphasises the translational value of RCC research. Rhythm-based interventions hold promise for educational, clinical, welfare, conservation, and human-animal interaction contexts. By integrating mechanistic, evolutionary, and applied perspectives, future research can uncover the biological principles underlying rhythmic behaviour and its central role in communication, cognition, and sociality across the animal kingdom.