Anamnesis and Physical Examination

Anamnesis and physical examination constitute the cornerstone of clinical assessment in all branches of medicine, including andrology. Irrespective of the primary complaint leading to the consultation, the initial phase of the evaluation should involve a comprehensive and structured collection of the patient’s medical history. This provides the foundation for diagnostic reasoning and subsequent therapeutic planning. According to recent SIAMS (Italian Society of Andrology and Sexual Medicine) recommendations, the andrological consultation should be framed within a biopsychosocial model that includes psychological, relational, and endocrine-metabolic aspects, particularly in patients with sexual dysfunction or reproductive disorders. A thorough andrological examination entails both inspection and palpation of the external genitalia and adjacent anatomical structures. These components of the examination, although essential, may elicit discomfort or embarrassment in patients due to their intimate nature. Communication throughout the encounter, from history taking to physical assessment, can be impaired by social inhibitions and personal modesty. This is particularly relevant when addressing topics such as sexual function, sexually transmitted infections, or genital pathology. Evidence shows that men, regardless of age, are often less forthcoming than women about intimate health concerns, perceiving discussions of such issues as socially inappropriate or emotionally distressing here fore, the clinician must demonstrate empathy, expertise in sexual medicine, and the ability to communicate clearly and respectfully. This involves utilizing nonverbal communication skills such as appropriate eye contact and a calm, attentive posture and providing evidence-based information in an open and nonjudgmental manner.