Territorial Synergies in Conservation: A Spatial and Functional Taxonomy of OECMs

The rapid loss of biodiversity and the fragmentation of ecosystems call for conservation instruments that are more inclusive and spatially integrated than traditional Protected Areas alone. Within this context, Other Effective Area‑based Conservation Measures (OECMs) have emerged as strategic components for implementing the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and achieving the 30×30 target. This study proposes a spatial, functional, and regulatory taxonomy of OECMs at the global scale, with the aim of analysing territorial configurations, governance models, and policy frameworks through which these measures are implemented. A comparative approach highlights recurring patterns in the relationships among OECMs, Protected Areas, and existing protection systems. The findings indicate that OECMs enhance ecological connectivity, strengthen local stewardship, and align ecological and socio‑cultural objectives. The proposed framework is replicable for the identification and design of OECMs and is particularly pertinent to Europe, where they have not yet been formally implemented, but could support more effective and resilient conservation networks.