This essay provides a systematic analysis of the international fight against doping in sport, highlighting its central importance for the protection of the fundamental values of sporting system. It begins by emphasizing that doping represents a threat not only to athletes’ health, but also to the fairness of competitions and to the credibility of sport itself, thus requiring coordinated action at the global level. The essay starts by analysing the legal notion of doping, which cannot be defined in purely naturalistic or scientific terms, but must instead be understood as any violation of anti-doping rules established by the relevant legal sources, particularly the World Anti-Doping Code (WADA Code). It is then identified the threefold rationale underlying anti-doping regulation: the protection of athletes’ health, the preservation of a level playing field, and the safeguarding of the ethical values of sport. These complementary objectives explain both the structure and the substantive content of anti-doping rules, including the criteria for prohibiting substances and methods. The essay further examines the complex system of sources and institutions, characterized by a distinctive interaction between public and private dimensions. On the one hand, international sports organizations –such as the IOC and international federations – as well as WADA play a key role in regulatory harmonization; on the other hand, States and international organizations contribute through conventions and cooperative frameworks. Particular attention is paid to the main public international law instruments, including the Council of Europe Anti-Doping Convention and the 2005 UNESCO Convention, which consolidate the central role of the WADA Code at the global level. The analysis also addresses the national level, with specific reference to Italian legislation, and the role of the European Union, whose action is grounded in Articles 165 and 168 TFEU. The essay also explores the role of case law, especially that of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), and the impact of EU law through the Meca-Medina judgment, which clarified that anti-doping rules are subject to EU competition law, and can be justified on the basis of the Wouters jurisprudence. Finally, the essay outlines the substantive regime of the WADA Code, describing its structure, the types of anti-doping rule violations, and the sanctioning system, as well as more recent tools such as the biological passport and the prospective developments linked to future revisions of the Code. Overall, the essay depicts a multi-level regulatory system based on international cooperation and normative harmonization, which is essential for ensuring the effectiveness of the fight against doping in contemporary sport.
Questo contributo analizza in modo sistematico la lotta internazionale contro il doping nello sport, evidenziandone la centralità per la tutela dei valori fondamentali dell’ordinamento sportivo. In effetti, il doping costituisce una minaccia non solo per la salute degli atleti, ma anche per la lealtà delle competizioni e per la credibilità stessa dello sport, rendendo necessaria un’azione coordinata a livello globale. Viene quindi ricostruita la nozione giuridica di doping, che non può essere definita in termini puramente naturali o scientifici, ma deve essere ricondotta alle violazioni delle regole antidoping stabilite dalle fonti normative rilevanti, in particolare dal Codice WADA. A tal fine, viene individuata la triplice ratio della normativa antidoping: la tutela della salute degli atleti, la garanzia della parità competitiva (level playing field) e la salvaguardia dei valori etici dello sport. Tali finalità, tra loro complementari, spiegano la struttura e il contenuto delle regole antidoping, incluse le scelte relative alle sostanze e ai metodi vietati. Viene poi esaminato poi il complesso sistema delle fonti e delle istituzioni che si occupano di doping, caratterizzato da una peculiare interazione tra dimensione pubblicistica e privatistica. Da un lato operano le organizzazioni sportive internazionali, tra cui il CIO e le federazioni, nonché la WADA, quale organismo centrale di armonizzazione normativa; dall’altro lato intervengono gli Stati e le organizzazioni internazionali mediante convenzioni e strumenti di cooperazione. Particolare attenzione è riservata alle principali fonti internazionali pubblicistiche, come la Convenzione antidoping del Consiglio d’Europa e la Convenzione UNESCO del 2005, che consolidano il ruolo del Codice WADA quale punto di riferimento globale. Viene inoltre analizzato il livello nazionale, con specifico riguardo alla legislazione italiana, e il contributo dell’Unione europea, il cui intervento si fonda sugli artt. 165 e 168 TFUE. Vengono poi approfonditi il ruolo della giurisprudenza, in particolare del Tribunale arbitrale dello sport (TAS), e l’impatto del diritto dell’Unione europea attraverso il caso Meca-Medina, che ha sancito l’assoggettamento delle regole antidoping ai principi del diritto della concorrenza e la possibile giustificazione della loro legittimità sulla base della giurisprudenza Wouters. Infine, viene brevemente illustrata la disciplina materiale contenuta nel Codice WADA, evidenziandone la struttura, le tipologie di violazioni e il sistema sanzionatorio, nonché gli strumenti più recenti come il passaporto biologico e le prospettive evolutive legate alle future revisioni del Codice. Nel complesso, emerge un sistema multilivello, fondato su cooperazione internazionale e uniformazione normativa, indispensabile per garantire l’efficacia della lotta al doping nello sport contemporaneo.
La lotta internazionale contro il doping nello sport / Coccia, Massimo. - (2025), pp. 109-137.
La lotta internazionale contro il doping nello sport
Massimo Coccia
2025
Abstract
This essay provides a systematic analysis of the international fight against doping in sport, highlighting its central importance for the protection of the fundamental values of sporting system. It begins by emphasizing that doping represents a threat not only to athletes’ health, but also to the fairness of competitions and to the credibility of sport itself, thus requiring coordinated action at the global level. The essay starts by analysing the legal notion of doping, which cannot be defined in purely naturalistic or scientific terms, but must instead be understood as any violation of anti-doping rules established by the relevant legal sources, particularly the World Anti-Doping Code (WADA Code). It is then identified the threefold rationale underlying anti-doping regulation: the protection of athletes’ health, the preservation of a level playing field, and the safeguarding of the ethical values of sport. These complementary objectives explain both the structure and the substantive content of anti-doping rules, including the criteria for prohibiting substances and methods. The essay further examines the complex system of sources and institutions, characterized by a distinctive interaction between public and private dimensions. On the one hand, international sports organizations –such as the IOC and international federations – as well as WADA play a key role in regulatory harmonization; on the other hand, States and international organizations contribute through conventions and cooperative frameworks. Particular attention is paid to the main public international law instruments, including the Council of Europe Anti-Doping Convention and the 2005 UNESCO Convention, which consolidate the central role of the WADA Code at the global level. The analysis also addresses the national level, with specific reference to Italian legislation, and the role of the European Union, whose action is grounded in Articles 165 and 168 TFEU. The essay also explores the role of case law, especially that of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), and the impact of EU law through the Meca-Medina judgment, which clarified that anti-doping rules are subject to EU competition law, and can be justified on the basis of the Wouters jurisprudence. Finally, the essay outlines the substantive regime of the WADA Code, describing its structure, the types of anti-doping rule violations, and the sanctioning system, as well as more recent tools such as the biological passport and the prospective developments linked to future revisions of the Code. Overall, the essay depicts a multi-level regulatory system based on international cooperation and normative harmonization, which is essential for ensuring the effectiveness of the fight against doping in contemporary sport.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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