The paper examines the visual evidence of the so-called Dalmatic of Charlemagne, the magnificent Byzantine sákkos made in the 14th century and preserved in the Treasury Museum of St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican, where documents certify to its presence since at least 1489. Its first known copy was commissioned in 1812 by Aubin-Louis Millin. The author is the Roman designer Gioacchino Camilli, who produced four watercolor plates of the vestment. His dossier, now at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, is one of the most surprising in terms of its adherence to the original, but unfortunately it remained unpublished for a long time. Thirty years later, the task of ‘presenting the work to the world’ was taken on by Sulpiz Boisserée, who in 1842 carried out the first specific investigation of the dalmatic. The work of the German scholar is illustrated by some plates (one in chromolithography, the others hand-drawn) based on the drawings that the painter Johann Michael Wittmer executed on behalf of Maximilian of Bavaria. Despite some small errors, the Boisserée/Wittmer copies are also striking for their faithfulness, both in the rendering of the whole and in the precise reproduction of the figurative themes. The next visual document derives from the collation of Boisserée's copies and Camilli's drawings, and not from direct observation of the vestment: the plate with the Calling of the Elect, inserted by Adolphe-Napoléon Didron in his study on the dalmatic printed in the first issue of “Annales Archéologiques” (1844). Many years later (1865), the engraving with the Transfiguration was published in the same journal but taken from a cast and a drawing both by Eduard Didron; it illustrates Julien Durand's article. The images that enrich Agostino Valentini's book on the Vatican Basilica (1846) are not particularly relevant, while the in-depth study of 1864 by Franz Bock, who also analysed the stratigraphy of the fabrics and the embroidery technique of the garment, represents a turning point in the critical debate. Bock published two beautiful chromolithograph plates, which are an absolute novelty in terms of visual documentation of the vestment. They reproduce very faithfully all the details of the sákkos and also record the different degrees of conservation of its parts. The work of Rohault de Fleury (1888) is instead aimed at a liturgical discourse. His copies, although made in person devant l’original, are undoubtedly the least detailed and the least precise. However, it is interesting to note that, for the first time, attention is not only paid to the garment and its embroidery but also to the positions and attitudes of the characters, their expressions and various decorative motifs. The first photographic reproductions of the dalmatic were made by the Danesi company of Rome and published by Adolfo Venturi in 1902.
Il contributo prende in esame le testimonianze visuali relative alla cosiddetta dalmatica di Carlo Magno, il magnifico sákkos bizantino eseguito nel XIV secolo e conservato nel Museo del Tesoro di S. Pietro in Vaticano, dove è documentato con certezza a partire dal 1489. La sua prima copia nota è quella commissionata nel 1812 da Aubin-Louis Millin. Ne è autore il disegnatore romano Gioacchino Camilli, che realizzò quattro tavole acquerellate della veste. Il suo dossier, oggi alla Bibliothèque nationale de France, è uno dei più sorprendenti dal punto di vista dell’aderenza all’originale, ma purtroppo restò a lungo inedito. Il compito di “presentare l’opera al mondo” fu assunto, trent’anni dopo, da Sulpiz Boisserée, che nel 1842 effettuò la prima indagine specifica sulla ‘dalmatica’. Il lavoro dello studioso tedesco è illustrato da alcune tavole (una in cromolitografia, le altre al tratto) basate sui disegni che il pittore Johann Michael Wittmer eseguì su incarico di Massimiliano di Baviera. Nonostante qualche piccolo errore, anche le copie di Boisserée/Wittmer colpiscono per la loro fedeltà, sia nella resa dell’insieme sia nella precisa riproduzione dei temi figurati. Dalla collazione tra le copie di Boisserée e i disegni di Camilli, e non da un’osservazione diretta dell’opera, deriva il documento visuale successivo: la tavola con la Chiamata degli eletti, inserita da Adolphe-Napoléon Didron nel suo studio sulla ‘dalmatica’ stampato nel primo numero della rivista “Annales Archéologiques” (1844). Nella stessa sede, ma a distanza di molti anni (1865), fu pubblicata l’incisione con la Trasfigurazione – tratta da un calco e da un disegno entrambi di Eduard Didron –, che illustra l’articolo firmato da Julien Durand. Le immagini che arricchiscono il volume di Agostino Valentini sulla basilica Vaticana del 1846 non sono particolarmente rilevanti, mentre l’approfondito studio del 1864 di Franz Bock, che analizzò anche la stratigrafia dei tessuti e la tecnica dei ricami della veste, rappresenta un momento di svolta nel dibattito critico. Bock pubblicò due bellissime tavole in cromolitografia, che costituiscono un’assoluta novità per quanto riguarda la documentazione visuale sull’opera. Esse riproducono con assoluta fedeltà tutti i dettagli del sákkos e registrano anche il diverso grado di conservazione delle sue parti. Esclusivamente finalizzato a un discorso di tipo liturgico è invece il lavoro di Rohault de Fleury (1888), le cui copie, sebbene eseguite personalmente devant l’original, sono senza dubbio le meno dettagliate e le meno precise. È interessante tuttavia notare come per la prima volta l’attenzione non sia riservata solo all’abito e ai suoi ricami, ma anche alle posizioni e agli atteggiamenti dei personaggi, alle loro espressioni, ai motivi decorativi. Le prime riproduzioni della ‘dalmatica’ con la nuova tecnica della fotografia sono quelle della ditta Danesi di Roma, pubblicate da Adolfo Venturi nel 1902.
La “dalmatica di Carlo Magno” nel Tesoro di S. Pietro in Vaticano: storiografia e documentazione per immagini / D'Achille, Anna Maria. - (2025), pp. 175-199. - MILION. STUDI E RICERCHE D'ARTE BIZANTINA.
La “dalmatica di Carlo Magno” nel Tesoro di S. Pietro in Vaticano: storiografia e documentazione per immagini
Anna Maria D'Achille
2025
Abstract
The paper examines the visual evidence of the so-called Dalmatic of Charlemagne, the magnificent Byzantine sákkos made in the 14th century and preserved in the Treasury Museum of St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican, where documents certify to its presence since at least 1489. Its first known copy was commissioned in 1812 by Aubin-Louis Millin. The author is the Roman designer Gioacchino Camilli, who produced four watercolor plates of the vestment. His dossier, now at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, is one of the most surprising in terms of its adherence to the original, but unfortunately it remained unpublished for a long time. Thirty years later, the task of ‘presenting the work to the world’ was taken on by Sulpiz Boisserée, who in 1842 carried out the first specific investigation of the dalmatic. The work of the German scholar is illustrated by some plates (one in chromolithography, the others hand-drawn) based on the drawings that the painter Johann Michael Wittmer executed on behalf of Maximilian of Bavaria. Despite some small errors, the Boisserée/Wittmer copies are also striking for their faithfulness, both in the rendering of the whole and in the precise reproduction of the figurative themes. The next visual document derives from the collation of Boisserée's copies and Camilli's drawings, and not from direct observation of the vestment: the plate with the Calling of the Elect, inserted by Adolphe-Napoléon Didron in his study on the dalmatic printed in the first issue of “Annales Archéologiques” (1844). Many years later (1865), the engraving with the Transfiguration was published in the same journal but taken from a cast and a drawing both by Eduard Didron; it illustrates Julien Durand's article. The images that enrich Agostino Valentini's book on the Vatican Basilica (1846) are not particularly relevant, while the in-depth study of 1864 by Franz Bock, who also analysed the stratigraphy of the fabrics and the embroidery technique of the garment, represents a turning point in the critical debate. Bock published two beautiful chromolithograph plates, which are an absolute novelty in terms of visual documentation of the vestment. They reproduce very faithfully all the details of the sákkos and also record the different degrees of conservation of its parts. The work of Rohault de Fleury (1888) is instead aimed at a liturgical discourse. His copies, although made in person devant l’original, are undoubtedly the least detailed and the least precise. However, it is interesting to note that, for the first time, attention is not only paid to the garment and its embroidery but also to the positions and attitudes of the characters, their expressions and various decorative motifs. The first photographic reproductions of the dalmatic were made by the Danesi company of Rome and published by Adolfo Venturi in 1902.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


