Emissions and energy consumption

Outline. The following chapter provides an overview of methods and tools for emissions, fuel, and energy consumption estimation in road transport simulation models. It categorises these methods based on their detail level, with particular emphasis on those endorsed by environmental agencies. Notably, well-documented techniques from the literature are highlighted, offering a comprehensive approach to emission accounting in transport simulation models. Key aspects of emission estimation in road transport simulation are concisely outlined below, encompassing methodologies, functions, and tools for assessing emissions, fuel consumption, and energy utilisation in road transport. The chapter focuses on methodologies endorsed by environmental agencies and incorporates extensively documented techniques from literature, providing a robust framework for emission accounting.