Full wave FEM analysis of electrical circuits using circuit elements

A circuit-oriented finite element method is presented to analyse the coupled problem of electrical circuits and electromagnetic fields. The numerical solution of the coupled problem is performed using two different element types: three- dimensional finite elements are used to approximate the EM field in the spatial computational domain; one-dimensional circuit elements are used to approximate the circuit constitutive relations. Both finite element field and circuit equations are formulated in terms of the electric field circulations along the finite element edges. Assembling the three-dimensional finite elements with the one- dimensional circuit elements a unique final equation system is...