Generally, the term site effects refers to the amplification of seismic waves due to some particular geologic conditions. Site effects occur as a result of several physical phenomena such as multiple reflections, diffraction, focusing, and resonance, to which the incoming wave front is subjected. This is a consequence of the various mechanical properties of terrains, the presence of heterogeneities and discontinuities, and the geometry of shallower layers and the existence of topographic irregularities both in the basement and in the surface. Several different methodological approaches are commonly adopted to quantitatively assess the local seismic response and to study peculiar geologic conditions such as mud volcanoes, faults, and landslides. The site response can be evaluated through various approaches each of them having specific advantages and/or drawbacks well known in literature. The experimental methods allow us to evaluate the local seismic response using the records of seismic signals that can be generated by earthquakes, artificial seismic sources, or ambient noise. Ambient noise has, in recent years, become widely used for site amplification studies. Its use appears opportune for significant reductions in field data acquisition time and costs. The evaluation of site response using this technique is largely adopted since it requires only one mobile seismic station with no additional measurements at rock sites for comparison. In the early 1950s, a method to estimate the dynamic characteristics of surface layers was introduced. Nogoshi and Igarashi introduced the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method, also known as the H/V method that later started to be referred to as the Nakamura technique. The scope of the HVSR method is to get the amplification of the S waves due to the contrast of impedance between geologic layers by recording ambient noise vibrations. Several advantages of this method include the fact that it is low cost, it is simple to use and apply, it can be used at various site conditions, and it does not have any negative impact on the environment.

Ambient noise techniques to study near-surface in particular geological conditions. A brief review / D'Amico, Sebastiano; Panzera, Francesco; Martino, Salvatore; Iannucci, Roberto; Galea, Pauline; Paciello, Antonella; Lombardo, Giuseppe; Farrugia, Daniela. - (2019), pp. 419-460. [10.1016/B978-0-12-812429-1.00012-X].

Ambient noise techniques to study near-surface in particular geological conditions. A brief review

Martino, Salvatore;Iannucci, Roberto;Paciello, Antonella;
2019

Abstract

Generally, the term site effects refers to the amplification of seismic waves due to some particular geologic conditions. Site effects occur as a result of several physical phenomena such as multiple reflections, diffraction, focusing, and resonance, to which the incoming wave front is subjected. This is a consequence of the various mechanical properties of terrains, the presence of heterogeneities and discontinuities, and the geometry of shallower layers and the existence of topographic irregularities both in the basement and in the surface. Several different methodological approaches are commonly adopted to quantitatively assess the local seismic response and to study peculiar geologic conditions such as mud volcanoes, faults, and landslides. The site response can be evaluated through various approaches each of them having specific advantages and/or drawbacks well known in literature. The experimental methods allow us to evaluate the local seismic response using the records of seismic signals that can be generated by earthquakes, artificial seismic sources, or ambient noise. Ambient noise has, in recent years, become widely used for site amplification studies. Its use appears opportune for significant reductions in field data acquisition time and costs. The evaluation of site response using this technique is largely adopted since it requires only one mobile seismic station with no additional measurements at rock sites for comparison. In the early 1950s, a method to estimate the dynamic characteristics of surface layers was introduced. Nogoshi and Igarashi introduced the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method, also known as the H/V method that later started to be referred to as the Nakamura technique. The scope of the HVSR method is to get the amplification of the S waves due to the contrast of impedance between geologic layers by recording ambient noise vibrations. Several advantages of this method include the fact that it is low cost, it is simple to use and apply, it can be used at various site conditions, and it does not have any negative impact on the environment.
2019
Innovation in near-surface geophysics. Instrumentation, application, and data processing methods
9780128124307
9780128124291
near-surface geophysics; ambient noise; geology
02 Pubblicazione su volume::02a Capitolo o Articolo
Ambient noise techniques to study near-surface in particular geological conditions. A brief review / D'Amico, Sebastiano; Panzera, Francesco; Martino, Salvatore; Iannucci, Roberto; Galea, Pauline; Paciello, Antonella; Lombardo, Giuseppe; Farrugia, Daniela. - (2019), pp. 419-460. [10.1016/B978-0-12-812429-1.00012-X].
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