Auditory arousal thresholds after selective slow-wave sleep (SWS) deprivation

Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess Auditory Arousal Thresholds (AATs) three times during an undisturbed baseline night and to compare them to AATs during the recovery night that follows two consecutive nights of selective SWS deprivation. The presence of a timeof- night effect on AATs will also be assessed. Methods: Ten male Ss slept in the laboratory for 6 consecutive nights. The first two nights were undisturbed. The 3rd night was considered as baseline. During the 4th and 5th nights, selective SWS deprivation was obtained by means of acoustic stimulation. The 6th night was a recovery. In the last 4 nights Ss were awakened three times, after 2, 5 and 7.5 h of sleep, respectively. All the awakenings were carried out from stage 2 (after at least 5 consecutive min of stage 2), by means of 1000 Hz ascending tone series. The AAT determination was based on EEG-EMG criteria: at least 10-s of clear alpha rhythm and/or a 10 s movement arousal. Results: During both deprivation nights, SWS amount was close to zero. In the ensuing recovery night a signi®cant SWS rebound was found, accompanied by a signi®cant increase of AATs with respect to the baseline. Furthermore, there was a signi®cant linear decrease of AATs during the night. Finally, the individual correlations between AATs and SWS amount were signi®cant in 4 out of 10 Ss. Conclusions: These results con®rm that AATs are a reliable index of sleep depth by showing that the SWS rebound following selective SWS deprivation is paralleled by a signi®cant AAT enhancement. The experimental paradigm also allows us to claim that AATs show a decreasing linear trend during the night, having excluded any procedural bias. Finally, AATs can be directly related to SWS amount that preceded the awakening, although the individual correlations between AATs and SWS have to be considered with caution, given the high inter-subject variability and the small number of observations.