AIMS: To investigate whether small nerve fibre degeneration detected using corneal confocal microscopy is associated with cardiac autonomic neuropathy in people with Type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Thirty-six people with Type 1 diabetes and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were enrolled. Tests to determine heart rate response to deep-breathing (expiratory-to-inspiratory ratio), heart rate response to lying-to-stand test (30:15 ratio) and blood pressure response to standing were performed to detect cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Corneal confocal microscopy was performed to assess: corneal nerve density and corneal nerve beadings; branching pattern; and nerve fibre tortuosity. RESULTS: Compared with control participants, participants with Type 1 diabetes had fewer (mean ± SD 45.4 ± 20.2 vs 92.0 ± 22.7 fibres/mm²; P < 0.001) and more tortuous corneal nerve fibres (20 participants with Type 1 diabetes vs four control participants had nerve tortuosity grade 2/3; P = 0.022) and fewer beadings (mean ± SD 15.1 ± 3.5 vs 20.6 ± 5.0; P < 0.001). Of the participants with Type 1 diabetes, 11 met the criteria for the diagnosis of cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Corneal nerve density was significantly lower in participants with cardiac autonomic neuropathy than in those without (mean ± SD 32.8 ± 16.4 vs 51.7 ± 18.9 fibres/mm²; P = 0.008). This difference remained significant after adjustment for age (P = 0.02), gender (P = 0.04), disease duration (P = 0.005), insulin requirement (P = 0.02) and neuropathy disability score (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that corneal confocal microscopy could represent a new and non-invasive tool to investigate cardiac autonomic neuropathy in people with Type 1 diabetes. Larger studies are required to define the role of corneal confocal microscopy in the assessment of cardiac autonomic neuropathy.

In vivo corneal confocal microscopy as a novel non-invasive tool to investigate cardiac autonomic neuropathy in Type 1 diabetes / Maddaloni, E; Sabatino, F; Del Toro, R; Crugliano, S; Grande, S; Lauria Pantano, A; Maurizi, A R; Palermo, A; Bonini, S; Pozzilli, P; Manfrini, S. - In: DIABETIC MEDICINE. - ISSN 0742-3071. - 32:2(2015), pp. 262-266. [10.1111/dme.12583]

In vivo corneal confocal microscopy as a novel non-invasive tool to investigate cardiac autonomic neuropathy in Type 1 diabetes

Maddaloni, E;Pozzilli, P;
2015

Abstract

AIMS: To investigate whether small nerve fibre degeneration detected using corneal confocal microscopy is associated with cardiac autonomic neuropathy in people with Type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Thirty-six people with Type 1 diabetes and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were enrolled. Tests to determine heart rate response to deep-breathing (expiratory-to-inspiratory ratio), heart rate response to lying-to-stand test (30:15 ratio) and blood pressure response to standing were performed to detect cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Corneal confocal microscopy was performed to assess: corneal nerve density and corneal nerve beadings; branching pattern; and nerve fibre tortuosity. RESULTS: Compared with control participants, participants with Type 1 diabetes had fewer (mean ± SD 45.4 ± 20.2 vs 92.0 ± 22.7 fibres/mm²; P < 0.001) and more tortuous corneal nerve fibres (20 participants with Type 1 diabetes vs four control participants had nerve tortuosity grade 2/3; P = 0.022) and fewer beadings (mean ± SD 15.1 ± 3.5 vs 20.6 ± 5.0; P < 0.001). Of the participants with Type 1 diabetes, 11 met the criteria for the diagnosis of cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Corneal nerve density was significantly lower in participants with cardiac autonomic neuropathy than in those without (mean ± SD 32.8 ± 16.4 vs 51.7 ± 18.9 fibres/mm²; P = 0.008). This difference remained significant after adjustment for age (P = 0.02), gender (P = 0.04), disease duration (P = 0.005), insulin requirement (P = 0.02) and neuropathy disability score (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that corneal confocal microscopy could represent a new and non-invasive tool to investigate cardiac autonomic neuropathy in people with Type 1 diabetes. Larger studies are required to define the role of corneal confocal microscopy in the assessment of cardiac autonomic neuropathy.
2015
Adult; Autonomic Pathways; Cornea; Corneal Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetic Cardiomyopathies; Diabetic Neuropathies; Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological; Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; Early Diagnosis; Female; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Middle Aged; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Fibers; Severity of Illness Index
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In vivo corneal confocal microscopy as a novel non-invasive tool to investigate cardiac autonomic neuropathy in Type 1 diabetes / Maddaloni, E; Sabatino, F; Del Toro, R; Crugliano, S; Grande, S; Lauria Pantano, A; Maurizi, A R; Palermo, A; Bonini, S; Pozzilli, P; Manfrini, S. - In: DIABETIC MEDICINE. - ISSN 0742-3071. - 32:2(2015), pp. 262-266. [10.1111/dme.12583]
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