Global versus regional influence on the carbonate factories of Oligo-Miocene carbonate platforms in the Mediterranean area

The Oligocene-Miocene is a key interval that was characterized by a cooling trend associated with a progressive decrease of atmospheric CO2 concentrations that ends in the Present days. In the Central Mediterranean area, during this interval, three main carbonate platform domains developed in the foreland zone of the Apennines: the Latium-Abruzzi-Campana and Apulia domain in the central and south-eastern sectors of the chain and the Hyblea and Pelagian carbonate platforms in the south and south-western sectors. This work analyzes the impact and interplay of global and regional factors controlling the development of different carbonate factories and facies associations over the Chattian and the early Messinian time interval. Three well-studied examples of the central Mediterranean will be used: the Chattian ramp of Malta, the Latium-Abruzzi ramp, and the Bolognano ramp within the northern portion of the Apulian carbonate platform (outcropping on Majella Mountain). The Malta ramp represents the reference model for the heterozoan Oligo-Miocene carbonate factory, since it developed far from terrigenous input, in persistent oligotrophic conditions, and within a tropical climate. In contrast, the evolution of the central Apennine ramps is strictly related to the geodynamic evolution of the Apennines and simultaneously to global oceanographic changes. The Chattian Apennine ramps are affected by a basin conformation that favored the development of dominant currents and related dune fields. Successively, these ramps were exposed to strong Aquitanian volcanism that induced a shift towards an aphotic-dominated carbonate factory. Since the Burdigalian the development of the Apennines has affected the evolution of the investigated ramps through the eastward migration of foredeep systems and related nutrient input. This influence becomes more evident between the Tortonian and Messinian, during which reef-rimmed platforms developed in the rest of the Mediterranean while red algae still dominated in the Apennine ramps. Amongst the global events, the Ccycle perturbation, occurring between the late Burdigalian and Serravallian (Monterey event), leaves a clear sign on the two Apennine ramps.